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Read a detailed timeline of the Holocaust and World War II. Learn about key dates and events from 1933-45 as Nazi antisemitic policies became more radical.
World War II was the largest and most destructive conflict in history. Learn about key WWII dates in this timeline of events, including when WW2 started and ended.
Wedding photo of Regina and Victor. New York City, March 8, 1953.
American military tribunals presided over 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
November 8, 1994. On this date, the United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ITCR) in Arusha, Tanzania.
Single-use entry pass for the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, Israel. June 8, 1961.
Film evidence is shown during the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Jerusalem, Israel, June 8, 1961.
Members of the Storm Troopers (SA) march through the Brandenburg gate. Berlin, Germany, April 8, 1933.
Reich Labor Service battalions parade before Hitler during the Nazi Party Congress. Nuremberg, Germany, September 8, 1937.
Jews at the railroad station before deportation. Puchov, Czechoslovakia, March 1942. (Source record ID: E39 Nr.2447/8)
Survivors of the Ebensee subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Ebensee, Austria, May 8, 1945.
A group of Jewish women in Paris. They are wearing the required yellow badges. Paris, France, June 8, 1942.
Wöbbelin was a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. When US troops entered Wöbbelin on May 8, 1945, they encountered the horrific conditions that prisoners had faced.
Staff from the Hadamar euthanasia center, including senior physician Adolf Wahlmann (front, left), during their trial. Wiesbaden, Germany, October 8-15, 1945.
Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, speaks to an inmate of the Dachau concentration camp during an official inspection. Dachau, Germany, May 8, 1936.
Defendant Inge Viermetz pleads not guilty at her arraignment during the RuSHA Trial, case #8 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. October 10, 1947.
Portrait of members of a Hungarian Jewish family. They were deported to and killed in Auschwitz soon after this photo was taken. Kapuvar, Hungary, June 8, 1944.
Helene Gotthold, a Jehovah's Witness, was beheaded for her religious beliefs on December 8, 1944, in Berlin. She is pictured with her children. Germany, June 25, 1936.
British soldiers remove Jews, passengers of the Exodus 1947 who were forcibly returned from Palestine, upon their arrival in Hamburg. Germany, September 8, 1947.
Two Jewish men captured by the SS pull a woman from an underground bunker during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, May 8, 1943.
On November 8–9, 1923, Hitler and the Nazi Party led an attempt to overthrow the German government. This attempted coup came to be called the Beer Hall Putsch.
The 9th Armored Division is recognized as one of the 36 liberating units of the US Army during World War II. On May 8, 1945, troops of the 9th and 1st Infantry Divisions liberated two subcamps of the Flossenbürg conce...
A Czech woman who witnessed the Nazi massacre of the male inhabitants of Lidice is sworn in at the RuSHA trial in Nuremberg, case #8 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Germany, October 30, 1947.
Erwin Rommel (center), German commander of the Africa Corps, at an airfield in Libya during an Axis offensive into neighboring Egypt. British troops decisively defeated Rommel's forces at El Alamein. Libya, September 8, 1942.
Four emaciated survivors sit outside in the newly liberated Ebensee concentration camp. Photograph taken by Signal Corps photographer J Malan Heslop. Ebensee, Austria, May 8, 1945.
Poster for the antisemitic museum exhibition Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) characterizes Jews as Marxists, moneylenders, and enslavers. Munich, Germany, November 8, 1937. Nazi propagandists also created a film of the same name.
A Jewish woman carries her radio into a police station after a German order (August 8, 1941) demanded the confiscation of all radios owned by Jews. Paris, France, 1941.
The Evian Conference on Jewish refugees. From left to right are French delegate Henri Berenger, United States delegate Myron Taylor, and British delegate Lord Winterton. France, July 8, 1938.
British soldiers guard Jewish refugees, forcibly removed from the refugee ship Exodus 1947, on trucks leaving for Poppendorf displaced persons camp. Photograph taken by Henry Ries. Kuecknitz, Germany, September 8, 1947.
Jewish refugees, forcibly removed by British soldiers from the ship Exodus 1947, arrive at Poppendorf displaced persons camp. Photograph taken by Henry Ries. Germany, September 8, 1947.
Many different kinds of railway cars were used for deportations. They varied in size and weight. The railway car on display in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Permanent Exhibition is of just one type used. The dimensions of the railway car in the Museum's exhibition are as follows: Total length 31 feet 6 inches (9.6 meters); interior space for deportees 26 feet 2 inches (8 meters). Total height 14 feet (4.3 meters) from the bottom of the wheel to the highest point of the car; interior space…
Many different kinds of railway cars were used for deportations. They varied in size and weight. The railway car on display in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Permanent Exhibition is of just one type used. The dimensions of the railway car in the Museum's exhibition are as follows: Total length 31 feet 6 inches (9.6 meters); interior space for deportees 26 feet 2 inches (8 meters). Total height 14 feet (4.3 meters) from the bottom of the wheel to the highest point of the car; interior space…
The SS and police used the Slovak uprising as an opportunity to round up the last of the Slovak Jews. In late 1944, shortly after the collapse of the uprising, the SS and police moved 416 Slovak Jews out of the Sered transit camp to Theresienstadt, as Soviet troops had already cut off the rail and road lines to Auschwitz. Another 1,031 Slovak Jews arrived in early April 1945, after Sered was evacuated. On March 8, 1945, between 1,070 and 1,150 Hungarian Jews who had been deported to the Austrian border the…
The European rail network played a crucial role in the implementation of the Final Solution. Millions were deported by rail to killing centers and other sites.
The Pohl Case was Case #4 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
The Operation Operation Torch was the Anglo-American invasion of French Morocco and Algeria during the North African Campaign of World War II. It began on November 8 and concluded on November 16, 1942. It resulted from an uneasy compromise between the Western Allies, and was intended to relieve pressure on the Soviet Union by imperiling Axis forces in the region and by enabling an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. Commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the operation was designed as a pincer…
Germany's formal surrender on May 7 and VE-Day (Victory in Europe Day) on May 8, 1945, were marked by joyous celebrations all over Europe. This footage shows streets in Paris and London filled with people celebrating the unconditional Allied victory over Nazi Germany and the winning of the war in Europe.
18 African Americans (16 men and 2 women) competed in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. This was three times the number who had competed in the 1932 Los Angeles Games. The African American athletes on the 1936 US Olympic team brought home 14...
The Chelmo killing center in German-occupied Poland was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for the mass murder of Jews. The SS and police began killing operations at Chelmno on December 8, 1941. At least 172,000 people were kill...
The Chelmo killing center in German-occupied Poland was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for the mass murder of Jews. The SS and police began killing operations at Chelmno on December 8, 1941. At least 172,000 people were kill...
The Chelmo killing center in German-occupied Poland was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for the mass murder of Jews. The SS and police began killing operations at Chelmno on December 8, 1941. At least 172,000 people were kill...
Document from the Buchenwald trial stating that both the prosecution and the defense teams agree to waive their right to make closing statements. The document is signed by the US military prosecutors (including William Denson), the defense lawyers, and the defendants. Dachau, Germany, August 8, 1947.
Brief overview of the charges brought against German foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
The Nazi “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” was the deliberate, planned mass murder of European Jews. Learn more about how the Nazis implemented the "Final Solution."
Learn about the history of the Nazi camp system, the different types of camps, who was imprisoned and why, and conditions in the camps.
Nazi district leader of Franconia Julius Streicher (right), propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels (second from right), and other Nazi officials attend the opening of the exhibition Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew). Munich, Germany, November 8, 1937.
A member of the German Order Police Battalion 101 stands next to a sign marking the entrance to the Lodz ghetto in German-occupied Poland, 1940–1941. The German text of the sign reads: "Announcement: In accordance with a police order of February 8, 1940, all Germans and Poles are forbidden entry into the ghetto area."
Under orders from officers of the US 8th Infantry Division, German civilians from Schwerin attend funeral services for 80 prisoners killed at the Wöbbelin concentration camp. The townspeople were ordered to bury the prisoners' corpses in the town square. Germany, May 8, 1945.
Emaciated survivors in the Ebensee subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp suck on sugar cubes provided by US soldiers upon the liberation of the camp. Photograph taken by Signal Corps photographer J Malan Heslop. Ebensee, Austria, May 8, 1945.
Liberated prisoners at the Ebensee camp. Too weak to eat solid food, they drink a thin soup prepared for them by the US Army. Photograph taken by US Army Signal Corps photographer J Malan Heslop. Austria, May 8, 1945.
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