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  • First day of school

    Photo

    Berta Rosenheim poses with a large cone, traditionally filled with sweets and stationery, on her first day of school. Leipzig, Germany, April 1929.

    First day of school
  • Arriving in New York

    Photo

    Children aboard the President Harding look at the Statue of Liberty as they pull into New York harbor. They were brought to the United States by Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus. New York, United States, June 1939.

    Arriving in New York
  • Soviet prisoners of war

    Photo

    Columns of Soviet prisoners of war. Soviet Union, September 15, 1942. Second only to the Jews, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest group of victims of Nazi racial policy.

    Soviet prisoners of war
  • Boarding the SS Mouzinho

    Photo

    Jewish refugees board the SS Mouzinho for the voyage to the United States. Among these refugees is a group of Jewish children recently rescued from internment camps in France. Lisbon, Portugal, ca. June 10, 1941.

    Tags: Portugal
    Boarding the SS Mouzinho
  • Ruins of the Warsaw ghetto

    Photo

    A view of the wall surrounding the ruins of the Warsaw ghetto in German-occupied Poland a few months after the ghetto's destruction. Photograph taken ca. June-October 1943. 

    Ruins of the Warsaw ghetto
  • Gregor Wohlfahrt

    ID Card

    Gregor was the second of six children born to Catholic parents in a village in the part of Austria known as Carinthia. His father was a farmer and quarryman. Disillusioned with Catholicism, his parents became Jehovah's Witnesses and raised their children according to that religion. As a boy, Gregor loved mountain climbing and skiing. 1933-39: Gregor attended school and worked as a waiter. The situation for Jehovah's Witnesses worsened after Germany annexed Austria in March 1938; Witnesses refused to swear…

    Gregor Wohlfahrt
  • Permit for stay in Japan

    Document

    Japanese authorities issued this "Permit for stay in Japan" to Ruth Segal (Rys Berkowicz). After several unsuccessful attempts to obtain visas for the United States, Ruth's father was able to secure a visa for her to go to New Zealand, in the British Commonwealth of Nations. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]

    Tags: Japan refugees
    Permit for stay in Japan
  • Census Card

    Document

    On December 17, 1941, the Romanian government issued a decree requiring a census of all those with “Jewish blood.” All persons having one or two Jewish parents or two Jewish grandparents were ordered to register at the Central Jewish Office. This is a census certificate issued by that office in 1942.

    Census Card
  • Auschwitz - ID Card/Oral History

    Media Essay

    The Auschwiz camp complex was the largest of its kind established by the Nazi regime. Auschwitz consisted of three main camps, including a killing center. More than 1.1 million people were murdered at Auschwitz. Individuals not sent directly to th...

    Tags: Auschwitz
  • Evidence Tag

    Artifact

    Evidence tag from the trial of Klaus Barbie in Lyon, France. This standard police form lists Barbie's infractions as crimes against humanity and complicity, concepts defined at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg decades earlier. The line in which the victims' names would be recorded is left blank. February 25, 1983.

    Evidence Tag
  • Liberation of Bergen-Belsen

    Film

    After British soldiers liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, they forced the remaining SS guards to help bury the dead. Here, survivors of the camp taunt their former tormentors, who prepare to bury victims in a mass grave.

    Liberation of Bergen-Belsen
  • Liberation of Mauthausen

    Film

    The Mauthausen concentration camp was established shortly after the German annexation of Austria (1938). Prisoners in the camp were forced to perform crushing labor in a nearby stone quarry and, later, to construct subterranean tunnels for rocket assembly factories. US forces liberated the camp in May 1945. In this footage, starving survivors of the Mauthausen concentration camp eat soup and scramble for potatoes.

    Liberation of Mauthausen
  • Conditions in the Warsaw ghetto

    Film

    The Nazis sealed the Warsaw ghetto in mid-November 1940. German-induced overcrowding and food shortages led to an extremely high mortality rate in the ghetto. Almost 30 percent of the population of Warsaw was packed into 2.4 percent of the city's area. The Germans set a food ration for Jews at just 181 calories a day. By August 1941, more than 5,000 people a month succumbed to starvation and disease.

    Conditions in the Warsaw ghetto
  • Defendant Julius Streicher

    Photo

    Defendant Julius Streicher in his prison cell at Nuremberg.  For his influential role in inciting hatred and violence, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg indicated Streicher on count four, crimes against humanity. Streicher was found guilty and sentenced to death. He was hanged on October 16, 1946.

    Defendant Julius Streicher
  • Ernest Hemingway

    Photo

    Portrait of Ernest Hemingway by Helen Pierce Breaker. Paris, France, ca. 1928. In 1933, Nazi students at more than 30 German universities pillaged libraries in search of books they considered to be "un-German." Among the literary and political writings they threw into the flames were the works of Ernest Hemingway.   

    Ernest Hemingway
  • Rescue and Resistance during the Holocaust

    Series

    Despite the inaction of most Europeans and the collaboration of many in the persecution and murder of Jews, some individuals and networks from all social and religious backgrounds aided Jews. Learn more.

  • Annexation of Austria: The Anschluss

    Film

    In an attempt to prevent the German annexation of Austria, Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg called a plebiscite (referendum) on Austrian independence. On March 11, 1938, the Germans pressured Schuschnigg to cancel the plebiscite and resign. This German newsreel footage from March and April 1938 served as propaganda for the Nazi annexation of Austria. It begins with images of pro-Nazi residents in Graz expressing their opposition to Schuschnigg's plebiscite. It also includes footage after…

    Annexation of Austria: The Anschluss
  • Abraham Klausner describes encountering survivors of the Dachau camp

    Oral History

    Rabbi Abraham Klausner was a US Army military chaplain. He arrived in the Dachau concentration camp in May 1945. He was attached to the 116th evacuation hospital unit and worked for about five years in displaced persons camps, assisting Jewish survivors.

    Abraham Klausner describes encountering survivors of the Dachau camp
  • Abraham Lewent describes the moments following his liberation from a death march from the Dachau camp

    Oral History

    Like many other Jews, the Lewents were confined to the Warsaw ghetto. In 1942, as Abraham hid in a crawl space, the Germans seized his mother and sisters in a raid. They perished. He was deployed for forced labor nearby, but escaped to return to his father in the ghetto. In 1943, the two were deported to Majdanek, where Abraham's father died. Abraham later was sent to Skarzysko, Buchenwald, Schlieben, Bisingen, and Dachau. US troops liberated Abraham as the Germans evacuated prisoners.

    Abraham Lewent describes the moments following his liberation from a death march from the Dachau camp
  • Warsaw ghetto uprising, 1943
  • Mass grave at Bergen-Belsen

    Photo

    After camp liberation, one of the mass graves at the Bergen-Belsen camp. Germany, after April 15, 1945.

    Mass grave at Bergen-Belsen
  • Deportation from the Warsaw ghetto

    Photo

    Jews from the Warsaw ghetto are marched through the ghetto during deportation. Warsaw, Poland, 1942–43.

    Deportation from the Warsaw ghetto
  • Street scene in the Warsaw ghetto

    Photo

    Stall of a street vendor selling old Hebrew books. Warsaw ghetto, Poland, February 1941.

    Street scene in the Warsaw ghetto
  • Reich Party Day parade

    Photo

    Spectators cheer passing SA formations during a Reichsparteitag (Reich Party Day) parade in Nuremberg.

    Reich Party Day parade
  • Palace of Justice Entry Pass

    Artifact

    Back side of an entry pass to the court building at the International Military Tribunal. This pass was issued to a U.S. military guard. The pass is printed in each of the IMT's four official languages.

    Palace of Justice Entry Pass

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