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The Nuremberg Special Court ruled on the Katzenberger Race Defilement Case in 1942. Learn more about the outcome and impact of the case.
Thomas at age 13 months with his father, Mundek Buergenthal. Czechoslovakia, June 1935.
A 13-year-old orphan, a survivor of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Photograph taking following liberation of the camp. Austria, May 1945.
The plight of German-Jewish refugees, persecuted at home and unwanted abroad, is illustrated by the voyage of the SS "St. Louis." On May 13, 1939, the SS "St. Louis," a German ocean liner, left Germany with almost a thousand Jewish refugees on board. The refugees' destination was Cuba, but before their arrival the Cuban government revoked their permission to land. The "St. Louis" was forced to return to Europe in June 1939. However, Great Britain, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands agreed to accept the…
The Ministries Case was Case #11 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
Children's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking experiences of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Rut Berlinska.
Children's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking events of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Chaim Benzion Cale.
Learn about the North African military campaigns of World War II which took place between September 13, 1940, and May 13, 1943.
The High Command Case was Case #12 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
March 11-13, 1938. On this date, German troops invaded and incorporated Austria into the German Reich. This event is known as the Anschluss.
American soldiers watch as German civilians bury the corpses of prisoners found in the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
Deportation of Jews from Bielefeld in Germany to Riga in Latvia. Bielefeld, Germany, December 13, 1941.
Deportation of Jews from Bielefeld in Germany to Riga in Latvia. Bielefeld, Germany, December 13, 1941.
Deportation of Jews to Riga, Latvia. Bielefeld, Germany, December 13, 1941.
A Jewish youth on an agricultural training farm that prepared Jewish refugees for life in Palestine, sponsored by the Joint Distribution Committee. Fuerth, Germany, June 13, 1946.
View of the countryside in Csobanka, Hungary, as the Hungarian Labor Service company 109/13 departs on the morning of April 20, 1942. [Photograph #57952]
View of the courtroom during the Dachau concentration camp trial. November 15-December 13, 1945.
Interior view of prisoners' barracks at the Ohrdruf subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp. This photograph was taken after liberation. Ohrdruf, Germany, April 13, 1945.
American soldiers walk along an open mass grave for the of victims of the Nordhausen concentration camp. US army officers ordered the residents of Nordhauen to prepare the grave for the burial of the victims. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13–14, 1945.
Gustav Schroeder, captain of the St. Louis, on the day of the ship's departure from Hamburg. Neither Cuba nor the US granted refuge to the ship's passengers. Germany, May 13, 1939.
Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany board the St. Louis. The ship would be denied entry into Cuba and the United States and forced to return to Europe. Hamburg, Germany, May 13, 1939.
After the liberation of Dora-Mittelbau, local German residents were required to bury the bodies of victims of the camp. Dora-Mittelbau, Germany, April 13–14, 1945.
The bodies of prisoners killed in the Nordhausen concentration camp lie in a mass grave dug by German civilians under orders from US troops. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
An agricultural training farm to prepare Jewish refugees for life in Palestine, sponsored by the Joint Distribution Committee. Fuerth, Germany, June 13, 1946.
Unemployed men queued outside of a depression soup kitchen in Chicago.
A postcard of the SS St. Louis. May 1939. The plight of German-Jewish refugees, persecuted at home and unwanted abroad, is illustrated by the May 13, 1939, voyage of the SS St. Louis.
SS chief Heinrich Himmler reviews a unit of SS-police in Krakow, Poland, March 13, 1942.
Alexander Schmorell, a member of the White Rose student opposition, upon his graduation from high school. Schmorell was arrested, condemned to death by the People's Court, and executed on July 13, 1943.
Explore articles about the voyage of the German transatlantic liner St. Louis in May-June 1939. Most of the ship's passengers were Jews fleeing Nazi Germany.
World War II was the largest and most destructive conflict in history. Learn about key WWII dates in this timeline of events, including when WW2 started and ended.
The Germans occupied David's town, previously annexed by Hungary, in 1944. David was deported to Auschwitz and, with his father, transported to Plaszow. David was sent to the Gross-Rosen camp and to Reichenbach. He was then among three of 150 in a cattle car who survived transportation to Dachau. He was liberated after a death march from Innsbruck toward the front line of combat between US and German troops.
Children's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking experiences of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Chaim Kozienicki.
Explore a timeline of key events in the history of Nazi Germany during 1938.
Eva was born to Jewish parents and grew up in a city on the border between Romania and Hungary. On March 19, 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary and Eva was soon forced into a ghetto. She was later deported to Auschwitz, where she was killed at the a...
Ruth Freund Reiser was born to Jewish parents in Prague, Czechoslovakia. She was 13 years old when Germany occupied Prague in March 1939. Five years later, Ruth was deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto to Auschwitz. She was later deported to th...
(Bottom) In a drawing dated April 18, 1942, Beifeld shows the school where the Hungarian Labor Service company 109/13 was quartered in Csobanka (Szentendre district), Hungary, before its departure for the Ukraine. A group of Hungarian soldiers [assigned to the labor service company] sits outside in the schoolyard. [Photograph #57947]
(Top and bottom) The image at the top shows Hungarian soldiers abandoning their trenches on the front lines as a Soviet tank overruns the barbed wire fortification separating the two armies. The drawing at the bottom captioned "Alarm," shows Hungarian soldiers running back and forth sounding the alarm of the Soviet counteroffensive. The drawings are dated Jan 11 and 13, 1943. [Photograph #58103]
German troops entered Austria on March 12, 1938. The annexation of Austria to Germany was proclaimed on March 13, 1938. In this German newsreel footage, Austrians express overwhelming enthusiasm for the Nazi takeover of their country.
View of the main street of the Nordhausen concentration camp, outside of the central barracks (Boelke Kaserne), where the bodies of prisoners have been laid out in long rows. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13–14, 1945. This image is among the commonly reproduced and distributed, and often extremely graphic, images of liberation. These photographs provided powerful documentation of the crimes of the Nazi era.
Cover to György Beifeld's album, featuring a road sign with the Hungarian Labor Service company number 109/13 posted in a muddy wasteland. The Jewish labor servicemen were forced to construct roads on these muddy fields to accommodate the advance of the Hungarian 2nd Army toward the Don River.
A prosecution witness demonstrates the position prisoners were forced to assume for punishment on the whipping block in the Dachau concentration camp. The Dachau concentration camp trial opened in November 1945. Photograph taken between November 15 and December 13, 1945, Dachau, Germany.
A United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) worker with a survivor of the Buchenwald concentration camp after liberation. Germany, June 13, 1945. The mission of UNRRA was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who came under Allied control.
Stefania Podgorska (right), pictured here with her younger sister Helena (left), helped Jews survive in German-occupied Poland. She supplied food to Jews in the Przemysl ghetto. Following the German destruction of the ghetto in 1943, she saved 13 Jews by hiding them in her attic. Przemysl, Poland, 1944.
Boarding pass for Dr. Walter Weissler for a voyage on the St. Louis from Hamburg to Havana. When Cuban authorities refused the passengers entry, Weissler returned to France, where he survived in hiding. He died in Paris in 1996. Hamburg, Germany. Date of pass, May 13, 1939.
Under orders of the US First Army, German civilians prepare to use a stretcher to remove corpses of victims of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, April 13–14, 1945.
German civilians from the town of Nordhausen carry the bodies of prisoners found in the Nordhausen concentration camp to mass graves for burial. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
Reproduction of the first page of an addendum to the Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935. This is the first of 13 addenda to the original legislation that were issued from November 1935 to July 1943 in order to implement the policy aims of the Reich Citizenship Law.
This photo of a Depression-era bread line was taken by Dorothea Lange at the White Angel Jungl...
Children's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking events of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Israel Unikowski.
Learn more about the 1943 Tunisia campaign, a four-month long struggle between Allied and Axis powers in North Africa during World War II.
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