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Portrait of Ita Guttman with her twin children Rene and Renate
Photo1942 portrait of Ita Guttman with her twin children Rene and Renate. When the twins were very young, the family moved to Prague. In the fall of 1941 the Germans arrested Ita's husband, Herbert. Subsequently, the twins and their mother were deported to Theresienstadt, and from there, to Auschwitz.
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French General Charles de Gaulle and resistance leader Georges Bidault
PhotoFrench General Charles de Gaulle and resistance leader Georges Bidault confer before marching down the Champs-Elysees to Notre Dame in ceremonies marking the liberation of the French capital. Paris, France, August 1944.
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A rescuer family with Jewish children they sheltered
PhotoThe Anciaux family with Annie and Charles Klein (front), Jewish children whom they sheltered during the war. Brussels, Belgium, between 1943 and 1945. Carle Enelow and Yettanda Stewart (born Charles and Annie Klein) were Jewish siblings who were hidden during the war by the family of Emile Anciaux, a Belgian Catholic. Charles and Annie's parents were deported from Mechelen (Malines) to Auschwitz, where they were murdered (their father on October 31, 1942, and their mother on January 15, 1944). After the…
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Members of the paramilitary organization of the Dutch Nazi Party
PhotoMembers of the paramilitary organization of the Dutch Nazi Party stand in the doorway of a restaurant. The sign states "Jews are not desired." Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1941–42.
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Damage during the German occupation of Riga
PhotoGerman forces occupied Riga in early July 1941. Here, war damage to Riga's city hall is shown by blackened areas around the building's windows. Riga, Latvia, August 1941.
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Persecution of Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945
MapRoma (Gypsies) were among the groups singled out on racial grounds for persecution by the Nazi regime. Roma were subjected to internment, deportation, and forced labor, and were sent to killing centers. Einsatzgruppen also killed tens of thousands of Roma in the German-occupied eastern territories. The fate of the Roma closely paralleled that of Jews.
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"Kristallnacht": nationwide pogrom
MapKristallnacht—literally, "Crystal Night"—is usually translated from German as the "Night of Broken Glass." It refers to the violent anti-Jewish pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. The pogrom occurred throughout Germany, which by then included both Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions all over the German Reich were attacked, vandalized, looted, and destroyed. Many were set ablaze. Firemen were instructed to let the synagogues burn but to…
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Eva Heyman: Maps
Media EssayEva was born to Jewish parents and grew up in a city on the border between Romania and Hungary. On March 19, 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary and Eva was soon forced into a ghetto. She was later deported to Auschwitz, where she was killed at the a...
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Zigmond Adler: Maps
Media EssayZigmond Adler was three years old when Germany occupied Belgium in May 1940. Zigmond, whose mother was deceased, went to live with his aunt and uncle after the Germans deported his father. With the help of Catholic friends, Zigmond and his relativ...
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Oral Histories: Acts of Comfort and Courage
Media EssaySurvivors' oral histories have the power to inspire and connect you to the power and perspective of Holocaust history. These four excerpts describe seemingly small acts and small items that provided comfort and in some cases helped people survive....
