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Jewish Brigade commander
PhotoBrigadier Ernest Frank Benjamin, commanding officer of the Jewish Brigade, inspects the Second Battalion. Palestine, October 1944. The Jewish Brigade Group of the British army, which fought under the Zionist flag, was formally established in September 1944. It included more than 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Palestine organized into three infantry battalions and several supporting units.
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A Jewish Brigade soldier with two members of "Kibbutz Buchenwald"
PhotoA Jewish Brigade soldier with two members of "Kibbutz Buchenwald." "Kibbutz Buchenwald" was a group of survivors from the Buchenwald concentration camp who were preparing for agricultural work in Palestine. Antwerp, Belgium, 1946.
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A witness identifies a doctor who had denied medical care to prisoners at Dora-Mittelbau
PhotoAt an American military tribunal held in Dachau, a witness for the prosecution identifies a doctor who had denied medical care to prisoners at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. Dachau, Germany, 1947.
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School established by the Joint Distribution Committee
PhotoOne of the many Jewish schools established by the Joint Distribution Committee in central and eastern Europe for children who had lost their parents during World War I. Rovno, Poland, after 1920.
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Soup kitchen run by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
PhotoWomen and children gather at the door of a soup kitchen maintained by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The text in Yiddish reads "The fortunate ones with full bowls." Zelechow, Poland, 1940.
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German soldiers round up Jews during the Warsaw ghetto uprising
PhotoDuring the Warsaw ghetto uprising, German soldiers round up Jews in factories for deportation. Warsaw ghetto, Poland, April or May 1943.
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Jewish DPs call for Great Britain to open Palestine to the Jews
PhotoJewish survivors in a displaced persons camp post signs calling for Great Britain to open the gates of Palestine to the Jews. Germany, after May 1945.
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Jewish refugees on the Exodus 1947 ship
PhotoBritish police stand among Jewish refugees on the decks of the refugee ship Exodus 1947 at Haifa port. British forces returned the refugees to displaced persons camps in Germany, dramatizing the plight of Holocaust survivors attempting to enter Palestine. July 19, 1947.
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Martin Niemöller, a Protestant pastor who opposed the Nazi regime
PhotoMartin Niemöller, a prominent Protestant pastor who opposed the Nazi regime. He spent the last seven years of Nazi rule in concentration camps. Germany, 1937.
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Rescuer Dr. Joseph Jaksy and a colleague
PhotoDr. Joseph Jaksy (right) and a colleague. Dr. Jaksy, a Lutheran and a urologist in Bratislava, saved at least 25 Jews from deportations. He was later recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations." Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, prewar.
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Portrait of Ita Guttman with her twin children Rene and Renate
Photo1942 portrait of Ita Guttman with her twin children Rene and Renate. When the twins were very young, the family moved to Prague. In the fall of 1941 the Germans arrested Ita's husband, Herbert. Subsequently, the twins and their mother were deported to Theresienstadt, and from there, to Auschwitz.
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French General Charles de Gaulle and resistance leader Georges Bidault
PhotoFrench General Charles de Gaulle and resistance leader Georges Bidault confer before marching down the Champs-Elysees to Notre Dame in ceremonies marking the liberation of the French capital. Paris, France, August 1944.
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A rescuer family with Jewish children they sheltered
PhotoThe Anciaux family with Annie and Charles Klein (front), Jewish children whom they sheltered during the war. Brussels, Belgium, between 1943 and 1945. Carle Enelow and Yettanda Stewart (born Charles and Annie Klein) were Jewish siblings who were hidden during the war by the family of Emile Anciaux, a Belgian Catholic. Charles and Annie's parents were deported from Mechelen (Malines) to Auschwitz, where they were murdered (their father on October 31, 1942, and their mother on January 15, 1944). After the…
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Members of the paramilitary organization of the Dutch Nazi Party
PhotoMembers of the paramilitary organization of the Dutch Nazi Party stand in the doorway of a restaurant. The sign states "Jews are not desired." Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1941–42.
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Damage during the German occupation of Riga
PhotoGerman forces occupied Riga in early July 1941. Here, war damage to Riga's city hall is shown by blackened areas around the building's windows. Riga, Latvia, August 1941.
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Persecution of Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945
MapRoma (Gypsies) were among the groups singled out on racial grounds for persecution by the Nazi regime. Roma were subjected to internment, deportation, and forced labor, and were sent to killing centers. Einsatzgruppen also killed tens of thousands of Roma in the German-occupied eastern territories. The fate of the Roma closely paralleled that of Jews.
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"Kristallnacht": nationwide pogrom
MapKristallnacht—literally, "Crystal Night"—is usually translated from German as the "Night of Broken Glass." It refers to the violent anti-Jewish pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. The pogrom occurred throughout Germany, which by then included both Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions all over the German Reich were attacked, vandalized, looted, and destroyed. Many were set ablaze. Firemen were instructed to let the synagogues burn but to…
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Eva Heyman: Maps
Media EssayEva was born to Jewish parents and grew up in a city on the border between Romania and Hungary. On March 19, 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary and Eva was soon forced into a ghetto. She was later deported to Auschwitz, where she was killed at the a...
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Zigmond Adler: Maps
Media EssayZigmond Adler was three years old when Germany occupied Belgium in May 1940. Zigmond, whose mother was deceased, went to live with his aunt and uncle after the Germans deported his father. With the help of Catholic friends, Zigmond and his relativ...
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Oral Histories: Acts of Comfort and Courage
Media EssaySurvivors' oral histories have the power to inspire and connect you to the power and perspective of Holocaust history. These four excerpts describe seemingly small acts and small items that provided comfort and in some cases helped people survive....
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Images of Sobibor from deputy camp commandant Johann Niemann's album
Media EssayView rare photographs of the Sobibor killing center, including never-before-seen images of the site, barracks buildings, workshops, and SS and Ukrainian guards.
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Hans Vogel's Diary
Media EssayDiaries reveal some of the most intimate, heart-wrenching accounts of the Holocaust. They record in real time the feelings of loss, fear, and, sometimes, hope of those facing extraordinary peril. Hans Vogel kept a diary journaling his family's fli...
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Family cookbook: Saved and returned
Media EssayKlári Fenyves created a family cookbook, written in Hungarian. After the family was forced to leave their apartment before deportation, the family’s cook, Maris, saved this treasured cookbook and some of Klári Fenyves’ artwork. She returned the artw...
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Children's artwork created at Weir Courtney
Media EssayAfter the war, Alice Goldberger cared for 24 refugee children at Lingfield House on the Weir Courtney Estate in England. She attempted to create a typical childhood for this group of young survivors of the Holocaust. Artwork created by the children...
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Flag graphic for US 10th Armored Division
PhotoA digital representation of the United States 10th Armored Division's flag. The US 10th Armored Division is also known as the "Tiger" division. During World War II, they captured the cities of Trier and Oberammergau. The division also overran a Dachau subcamp. The 10th Armored Division was recognized as a liberating unit in 1985 by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).
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Flag graphic for US 12th Armored Division
PhotoA digital representation of the United States 12th Armored Division's flag. The US 12th Armored Divison is also known as the "Hellcats" division. During World War II, they captured the cities of Ludwigshafen and Würzburg. The division also overran a subcamp of Dachau. The 12th Armored Division was recognized as a liberating unit in 1988 by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).
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Flag graphic for US 8th Armored Division
PhotoA digital representation of the United States 8th Armored Division's flag. The US 8th Armored Division is also known as the "Iron Snake" or "Thundering Herd" division. During World War II, they liberated Halberstadt-Zwieberge, a subcamp of Buchenwald. The 8th Armored Division was recognized as a liberating unit in 1995 by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).
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Germany invades Poland
FilmGermany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, beginning World War II. Quickly overrunning Polish border defenses, German forces advanced towards Warsaw, the Polish capital city. This footage from German newsreels shows German forces in action during the invasion of Poland. Warsaw surrendered on September 28, 1939.
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Thomas Buergenthal with one of his grandchildren
PhotoThomas with Eliza, one of his grandchildren. 1996. With the end of World War II and collapse of the Nazi regime, survivors of the Holocaust faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives. With little in the way of financial resources and few, if any, surviving family members, most eventually emigrated from Europe to start their lives again. Between 1945 and 1952, more than 80,000 Holocaust survivors immigrated to the United States. Thomas was one of them.
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British soldiers transfer Jewish refugee children from the ship Theodor Herzl
PhotoIn April 1947, the British Navy intercepted the ship Theodor Herzl en route from Europe to British-controlled Mandatory Palestine. On board were hundreds of Holocaust survivors, including children, seeking a home. This photograph shows British soldiers transferring some of the Jewish refugee children to a vessel for deportation to Cyprus detention camps. Haifa port, British-controlled Mandatory Palestine, April 1947.
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Julius Streicher
FilmJulius Streicher, Nazi leader and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper "Der Stuermer" (The Attacker), makes a speech accusing Jews of trying to control the world and living by the exploitation of non-Jews. According to Streicher, the only answer for Germany is to solve the "Jewish question."
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UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide
Timeline EventJanuary 12, 1951. On this date, the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide entered into force.
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Thomas Buergenthal with the soldier who realized that Thomas was Jewish and took him to an orphanage
PhotoThomas (left), 6 months after liberation, with a soldier who realized that Thomas was Jewish and took him to an orphanage, ca. 1945. Thomas was eventually reunited with his mother. With the end of World War II and collapse of the Nazi regime, survivors of the Holocaust faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives. With little in the way of financial resources and few, if any, surviving family members, most eventually emigrated from Europe to start their lives again. Between 1945 and 1952, more than…
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Presenting the prosecution's case at the International Military Tribunal
PhotoUS Major Frank B. Wallis (standing center), a member of the trial legal staff, presents the prosecution's case to the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. A chart (top left) shows where the defendants (bottom left) fit into the organizational scheme of the Nazi Party. At right are lawyers for the four prosecuting countries. Nuremberg, Germany, November 22, 1945. The trials of leading German officials before the International Military Tribunal are the best known of the postwar war crimes trials.…
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Poster depicting the Statue of Liberty and flags of Allied Nations
ArtifactPoster titled “The United Nations Fight For Freedom.” It was one of many posters produced by the Office of War Information, the United States’s official propaganda agency during World War II. Canadian-American commercial artist Steve Broder (1902-1992) designed this work to bolster confidence in the Allied war effort against the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). It depicts the 30 flags of countries that signed the Declaration by the United Nations and declared war on the…
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Ceasefire Ends Hostilities of World War I
Timeline EventNovember 11, 1918. On this date, a negotiated ceasefire ends the fighting of World War I when it goes into effect at 11am.
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Dismissal letter from the Berlin transit authority
DocumentA letter written by the Berlin transit authority (Berliner Verkehrs Aktiengesellschaft) to Viktor Stern, informing him of his dismissal from his post with their agency as of September 20, 1933. This action was taken to comply with provisions of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. On April 7, the German government issued the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums), which excluded Jews and political opponents…
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"Nuremberg: Its Lesson for Today"
FilmThis footage comes from "Nuremberg, Its Lesson for Today" a 1947 documentary film produced by the US military's Documentary Film Unit, Information Services Division. The film, directed by Pare Lorentz and Stuart Schulberg, shows footage from the trial of Nazi war criminals by the International Military Tribunal. It also intermixes historical footage depicting the founding of the Nazi state, the unleashing of World War II, and Nazi crimes against humanity. The sentencing sequence shown here illustrates the…
