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“Give Me Your Children”: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto
ArticleThe Jewish children of Lodz suffered harsh conditions after the German invasion of Poland. Read excerpts from diaries where they recorded their experiences.
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Jutta Szmirgeld
ArticleChildren's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking events of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Jutta Szmirgeld.
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Sara Rachela Plagier
ArticleChildren's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking events of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Sara Rachela Plagier.
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Dawid Sierakowiak
ArticleYoung people's diaries capture some of the most heartbreaking experiences of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of David Sierakowiak.
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Indoctrinating Youth
ArticleThe Nazi Party targeted German youth as a special audience for its propaganda messages. Read more about the indoctrination of youth.
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Forced Labor
ArticleForced Labor In German-occupied areas, the Nazis singled out Jewish laborers for cruel treatment. Jewish laborers were also subjected to humiliating treatment, as when SS men forced religious Jews to submit to having their beards cut. The ghettos served as bases for utilizing Jewish labor, as did forced-labor camps for Jews in occupied Poland. In the Lodz ghetto, for example, the Nazis opened 96 factories. The ability to work could save one's life, but most often only temporarily. Jews deemed unproductive…
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Jewish Badge: Origins
ArticleDecrees that ordered Jews to wear special badges for purposes of identification existed before the Nazi era. Learn about this history.
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Anne Frank at her school desk
PhotoAnne Frank, age twelve, at her school desk. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1941.
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Blood Libel
ArticleBlood libels were false allegations that Jews used the blood of non-Jewish children in rituals. Nazi propagandists used this false charge in their antisemitic propaganda.
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Melk
ArticleLearn about the establishment of and conditions in Melk, a subcamp of the Mauthausen camp system in Austria.
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Anne Frank at 11 years of age
PhotoAnne Frank at 11 years of age, two years before going into hiding. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
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Photograph of Anne Frank at five years of age
PhotoAnne Frank at five years of age. Bad Aachen, Germany, September 11, 1934.
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Studio portrait of Jankl Zuckerkandel
PhotoStudio portrait of Jankl Zuckerkandel, taken in The Hague, the Netherlands, in or around 1941. Jankl was killed in Sobibor at the age of three.
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Thomas at age 13 months
PhotoThomas at age 13 months with his father, Mundek Buergenthal. Czechoslovakia, June 1935.
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Hitler Youth
ArticleThe Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were developed as Nazi Party youth groups to indoctrinate children and youth in Nazi ideology and policy.
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Bernard Musmand
ArticleRead the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Bernard Musmand.
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Eugenio Gentili Tedeschi
ArticleRead the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Eugenio Gentili Tedeschi.
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Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400
ArticleThe word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. Sometimes called "the longest hatred," it has persisted in many forms for over 2,000 years. Learn more.
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Chaim Benzion Cale
ArticleChildren's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking events of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Chaim Benzion Cale.
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Young children in the Stuttgart displaced persons camp
PhotoElementary school-age members of Hashomer Hatzair in the Stuttgart displaced persons camp, circa 1946–1949. Lova Warszawczyk is standing in the center.
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1939: Key Dates
ArticleExplore a timeline of key events during 1939 in the history of Nazi Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust.
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Gino Bartali
ArticleIn 2013, Yad Vashem recognized Italian cyclist Gino Bartali as Righteous Among the Nations for his rescue activities. Learn more
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Chaim Kozienicki
ArticleChildren's diaries bear witness to some of the most heartbreaking experiences of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Chaim Kozienicki.
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Antisemitism illustration from a Nazi film strip
PhotoAn antisemitic illustration from a Nazi film strip. The caption, translated from German, states: "As an alien race Jews had no civil rights in the middle ages. They had to reside in a restricted section of town, in a ghetto." Place and date uncertain.
