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Learn more about the Holocaust Encyclopedia’s key terms and individuals in the Nazi judicial system.
In September 1941, German Einsatzkommando 3 and Lithuanian auxiliary forces mass murdered the Jews of Eyshishok. Learn more.
A 1915 portrait of Willem Arondeus. During World War II, Arondeus, a gay member of the Dutch resistance, participated in an attack on the Amsterdam Population Registry offices. His group set fire to several thousand files in an attempt to destroy government records of Jews and others sought by the Nazis. Soon after the attack, his unit was betrayed. The Nazis arrested and executed Arondeus in 1943. Blaricum, the Netherlands, 1915.
The National Socialist German Worker’s Party, also known as the Nazi Party, was the far-right racist and antisemitic political party led by Adolf Hitler.
Kapos and other prisoner functionaries had special duties in Nazi concentration camps. Learn more about who they were and what they did in the camps.
Joseph immigrated to the United States in 1933 after finishing university in Leipzig. His parents and brother had left Germany earlier for the United States. Joseph attended Columbia University. From 1940 to 1943 he was assistant editor for a New York German-Jewish newspaper. In 1944, he worked in the American embassy in Britain as a propaganda analyst. He went to Nuremberg, Germany, as an interpreter in 1946. He analyzed materials and transcripts, and participated in many interrogations for the Nuremberg…
Between 1933 and 1939, Jews in Germany were subjected to arrest, economic boycott, the loss of civil rights and citizenship, incarceration in concentration camps, random violence, and the state-organized Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom. Jews reacted to Nazi persecution in a number of ways. Forcibly segregated from German society, German Jews turned to and expanded their own institutions and social organizations. However, in the face of increasing repression and physical violence, many Jews…
Selmar and Elsa Biener joined the waiting list for US immigration visas in September 1938. Their waiting list numbers—45,685 and 45,686—indicate the number of people who had registered with the US consulate in Berlin. By September 1938, approximately 220,000 people throughout Germany, mostly Jews, were on the waiting list.
Standing with his arms behind his back, a kapo (right) oversees Jewish prisoners performing forced labor at the Płaszów camp. Kapos were concentration camp prisoners selected to oversee other prisoners on labor details. Płaszów, Poland, 1943–1944.
A group gathers in Eyshishok to honor a young woman before her departure to Palestine. Most of the individuals in this photo were murdered during the Holocaust. Miriam Kabacznik (middle row, fourth from the right) and Szeina Blacharowicz (middle row, far right) survived in hiding.
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