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November 11, 1918. On this date, a negotiated ceasefire ends the fighting of World War I when it goes into effect at 11am.
November 18, 1919. On this date, Hindenburg spreads the “stab-in-the-back” myth in a testimony before a committee investigating Germany’s defeat in World War I.
May 12, 1925. On this date, German Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg is inaugurated, becoming the last president of the Weimar Republic.
November 22, 1930. On this date, Nazis attack a leftwing group at a dance hall in Berlin.
December 1935. The Lebensborn program is created at the direction of Heinrich Himmler in order to combat Germany’s falling birth rate.
June 1936. German physician Robert Ritter becomes head of a new eugenics research center focusing on racially classifying Roma and Sinti.
June 6, 1936. On this date, Minister of the Interior for the Reich and Prussia Wilhelm Frick issues a decree on “Combating the Gypsy Plague.”
July 16, 1936. On this date, German authorities order the roundup of Roma and Sinti in Berlin, confining them in a new camp in the Marzahn suburb.
December 08, 1938. On this date, Himmler orders that Nazi Germany’s policies regarding Roma and Sinti should be developed according to Nazi racial principles.
December 16, 1942. On this date, Heinrich Himmler issues an order that Roma and Sinti are to be deported to Auschwitz.
Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust.
Listen to excerpts from oral testimonies to learn from survivors themselves about their individuals experiences, actions, and choices.
The study of the Holocaust raises questions about how the world can recognize and respond to indications that a country is at risk for genocide or mass atrocity. While each genocide is unique, in most places where genocide occurs, there are common...
Many Europeans witnessed acts of persecution, including violence against Jews and, later, deportations. While few were aware of the full extent of the Nazi "Final Solution," this history poses difficult and fundamental questions about human behavi...
How involved in the Holocaust were German professionals and civil leaders? What were some of the motivations and pressures that led to a wide range of behavior? What indeed was the range of behavior, from complying to perpetrating?Explore t...
The leaders of Nazi Germany, a modern, educated society, aimed to destroy millions of men, women, and children because of their Jewish identity. Understanding this process may help us to better understand the condit...
Explore this question to learn about the motivations and challenges of those who aided Jews
When Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler became German chancellor on January 30, 1933, no step-by-step blueprint for the genocide of Jews as a “race” existed. After the outbreak of World War II, millions of Jews came und...
Explore this question to learn about the responses of leaders and citizens
Consideration of American responses to Nazism during the 1930s and 1940s raises questions about the responsibility to intervene in response to persecution or genocide in another country.
Persecution of Jews and other targeted groups was already government policy in Germany once the Nazis were in power in 1933. But following the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, war provided the opportunity and motivation for more ext...
The aftermath of the Holocaust raised questions about the search for justice in the wake of mass atrocity and genocide. The World War II Allied powers provided a major, highly public model for establishing internati...
Learn more about the shared foundational element of eugenics on the history of racial antisemitism in Germany and racism in the United States
Learn about some aspects that are similar and some that are different in the history of racial antisemitism in Germany and racism in the United States.
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