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Newly arrived prisoners at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, 1938-1940.
Social Democratic political prisoners in the Duerrgoy concentration camp near Breslau. Seated in the center is Paul Loebe, a leading Socialist and former president of the German parliament. Duerrgoy camp, Germany, August 4, 1933.
A US soldier with liberated prisoners of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria, May 1945.
Crematorium oven used in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Photograph taken after the liberation of teh camp. Bergen-Belsen, Germany, April 28, 1945.
View of the Flossenbürg concentration camp after the liberation of the camp by US forces. Flossenbürg, Germany, 1945.
Emaciated survivors of the Mauthausen concentration camp soon after the liberation of the camp. Austria, May 1945.
View of the Jasenovac concentration camp in Croatia. Jasenovac, Yugoslavia, 1941-1942.
View of the Gusen camp, which became a subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp. This photograph was taken after the liberation of the camp. Gusen, Austria, May 1945.
A view of the Buchenwald concentration camp after the liberation of the camp. Buchenwald, Germany, after April 11, 1945.
Mauthausen concentration camp inmates with American troops after the liberation of the camp.
A view of the quarry at the Mauthausen concentration camp, where prisoners were subjected to forced labor. Austria, 1938-1945.
An SS officer standing in front of a newly constructed gallows in the forest near Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, April 1942.
Survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp gather around trucks carrying American troops. Germany, May 1945.
View of part of the Plaszow concentration camp in occupied Poland, showing an entrance gate. Plaszow, Poland, 1943-1944.
Young survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp soon after liberation. Germany, April-June 1945.
On May 2, 1945, the 8th Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division encountered the Wöbbelin concentration camp. This photograph shows US troops in the Wöbbelin camp. Germany, May 4–6, 1945.
View of a watchtower and prisoner barracks at the Ohrdruf subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp, soon after US forces liberated Ohrdruf. Ohrdruf, Germany, April 1945.
View of a mass grave in the Ohrdruf concentration camp from which 2,000 corpses were removed for proper burial. Ohrdruf, Germany, between April 20 and 25, 1945.
Four emaciated survivors sit outside in the newly liberated Ebensee concentration camp. Photograph taken by Signal Corps photographer J Malan Heslop. Ebensee, Austria, May 8, 1945.
The Nazi camp system expanded rapidly after the beginning of World War II in September 1939, as forced labor became important in war production. Labor shortages in the German war economy became critical after German defeat in the battle of Stalingrad in 1942-1943. This led to the increased use of concentration camp prisoners as forced laborers in German armaments industries. Especially in 1943 and 1944, hundreds of subcamps were established in or near industrial plants. Subcamps were generally smaller…
Between 1941 and 1943, underground resistance movements developed in about 100 Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe. Their main goals were to organize uprisings, break out of the ghettos, and join partisan units in the fight against the Germans. The Jews knew that uprisings would not stop the Germans and that only a handful of fighters would succeed in escaping to join with partisans. Still, Jews made the decision to resist. Further, under the most adverse conditions, Jewish prisoners succeeded…
During an official tour of the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp, an Austrian Jewish survivor describes to General Dwight Eisenhower and the members of his entourage the use of the gallows in the camp. Among those pictured is Jules Grad, correspondent for the US Army newspaper Stars and Stripes (on the right). Ohrdruf, Germany, April 12, 1945.
View of the main street of the Nordhausen concentration camp, outside of the central barracks (Boelke Kaserne), where the bodies of prisoners have been laid out in long rows. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13–14, 1945. This image is among the commonly reproduced and distributed, and often extremely graphic, images of liberation. These photographs provided powerful documentation of the crimes of the Nazi era.
Romani (Gypsy) inmates stand at attention during an inspection of the weaving mill, site of forced labor in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. In this workshop prisoners wove reed mats used to reinforce roads in swampy regions of the eastern front. Germany, between 1941 and 1944. This photograph is from an SS propaganda album.
View of the ruins of the central barracks (Boelke Kaserne) in the Nordhausen concentration camp. This photograph was taken after liberation. Germany, April 1945.
A Jewish child is forced to show the scar left after SS physicians removed his lymph nodes. This child was one of 20 Jewish children injected with tuberculosis germs as part of a medical experiment. All were murdered on April 20, 1945. Neuengamme concentration camp, Germany, between December 1944 and February 1945.
Dr. Robert Ritter talks to several residents in a Zigeunerlager ("Gypsy camp"). Hamburg, Germany, 1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most of the people whom Ritter studied and…
A group of the 19 men accused of committing atrocities at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen, during their war crimes trial. Dachau, Germany, September 19, 1947.
[This video is silent] There were three large forced-labor camps in Hannover, a large industrial city in northern Germany. All three of the camps were part of the Neuengamme concentration camp system. In early April 1945, American forces entered Hannover and freed the surviving prisoners. The American Signal Corps filmed one of the Hannover camps soon after liberation. American forces fed survivors of the camp and required German civilians to help bury the dead.
A Polish soldier, Samuel was wounded in action and taken by Germany as a prisoner of war. As the war continued, he and other Jewish prisoners received increasingly harsh treatment. Among the camps in which he was interned was Lublin-Lipowa, where he was among those forced to build the Majdanek concentration camp. In 1942, he escaped from the Germans, spending the rest of the war as the leader of an armed partisan group.
View of a guard tower and fence at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Germany, wartime.
The bodies of prisoners killed in the Nordhausen concentration camp lie in a mass grave dug by German civilians under orders from US troops. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
During an inspection by US Army chaplains of the newly liberated Buchenwald concentration camp, G. Bromley Oxnam (right) views a demonstration of how prisoners were tortured in Buchenwald. Oxnam was the Methodist bishop of New York and President of the Federated Council of Churches of Christ in America. Buchenwald, Germany, April 27, 1945.
As Allied troops moved across Europe against Nazi Germany in 1944 and 1945, they encountered concentration camps, mass graves, and other sites of Nazi crimes. Learn more
July 11, 1944. On this date, the liquidation of the "Czech family camp" in Auschwitz took place. Michael Kraus later described the event in his diary.
Ruth was four years old when the Germans invaded Poland and occupied Ostrowiec. Her family was forced into a ghetto. Germans took over her father's photography business, although he was allowed to continue working outside the ghetto. Before the ghetto was liquidated, Ruth's parents sent her sister into hiding, and managed to get work at a labor camp outside the ghetto. Ruth also went into hiding, either in nearby woods or within the camp itself. When the camp was liquidated, Ruth's parents were split up.…
In March 1942, the Hodonin camp was classified as a camp for Roma. It was a transfer station during deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Learn about the camp and its history.
A color photograph of Eva Justin interviewing a Romani woman interned in a "Gypsy camp." Vienna, Austria, 1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most of the people whom Ritter studied and…
View of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after the liberation of the camp. A row of small tents has been pitched outside the barracks. A group of survivors huddles in front of one of the tents.
The valuables displayed here were confiscated from prisoners by German guards at the Buchenwald concentration camp and later found by soldiers of the Third US Army after the liberation of the camp. Buchenwald, Germany, after April 1945.
This identification card was issued to Sima Wajner, a Jewish resident of the Heidenheim displaced persons camp. The card identifies her as a former concentration camp inmate who had been imprisoned in the Stuffhof camp during the Holocaust. Card dated January 23, 1947.
August 2, 1944. On this date, the SS liquidated the "Gypsy family camp" Blle at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Postwar photograph of gas chamber for mass murder in the Auschwitz main camp. Poland, ca. 1947. In mid-August 1940, Auschwitz concentration camp authorities put into operation a crematorium adjacent to a morgue. This building was located just outside the boundaries of the Auschwitz main camp. In September 1941, the morgue was converted to a gas chamber for mass murder where several hundred people could be killed at a time. This gas chamber was used until December 1942, though the crematorium remained…
The Płaszów camp was established in Krakow, Poland, in 1942. Learn more about the camp during the war, including Oskar Schindler’s involvement.
On April 14, 1945, the US 102nd Infantry Division uncovered the site of a hideous massacre of concentration camp prisoners outside the town of Gardelegen.
After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, Siegfried fled with a friend. They attempted to get papers allowing them to go to France, but were turned over to the Germans. Siegfried was jailed, taken to Berlin, and then transported to the Sachsenhausen camp near Berlin in October 1939. He was among the first Polish Jews imprisoned in Sachsenhausen. Inmates were mistreated and made to carry out forced labor. After two years, Siegfried was deported to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, where he was…
Henny was born into an upper-middle-class Jewish family in Kovno, Lithuania. She and her brother attended private schools. In June 1940 the Soviets occupied Lithuania, but little seemed to change until the German invasion in June 1941. The Germans sealed off a ghetto in Kovno in August 1941. Henny and her family were forced to move into the ghetto. Henny married in the ghetto in November 1943; her dowry was a pound of sugar. She survived several roundups during which some of her friends and family were…
After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, Siegfried fled with a friend. They attempted to get papers allowing them to go to France, but were turned over to the Germans. Siegfried was jailed, taken to Berlin, and then transported to the Sachsenhausen camp near Berlin in October 1939. He was among the first Polish Jews imprisoned in Sachsenhausen. Inmates were mistreated and made to carry out forced labor. After two years, Siegfried was deported to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, where he was…
Edward was born to a Jewish family in Hamburg. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws prohibited marriage or sexual relations between German non-Jews and Jews. Edward was then in his mid-twenties. Edward was arrested for dating a non-Jewish woman. Classified as a habitual offender, he was later deported to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, near Berlin. He was forced to perform hard labor in construction projects. Edward had married shortly before his imprisonment, and his wife made arrangements for their…
After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, Siegfried fled with a friend. They attempted to get papers allowing them to go to France, but were turned over to the Germans. Siegfried was jailed, taken to Berlin, and then transported to the Sachsenhausen camp near Berlin in October 1939. He was among the first Polish Jews imprisoned in Sachsenhausen. Inmates were mistreated and made to carry out forced labor. After two years, Siegfried was deported to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, where he was…
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