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Hitler Youth poster

Poster urging young Germans to join the Hitler Youth Landdienst [agricultural service]. It reads "Volunteers to the front! Youth to the land service of the Hitler Youth." 

Racial chart

Racial chart entitled "Races of the World I/Europe and its Border Areas."

Lebensborn program brochure

Front cover of a brochure advertising the Lebensborn program. The brochure describes the program's maternity homes and requirements that expectant mothers must meet to be accepted. 

A Kripo agent's identifying warrant disc

Official identification tag (warrant badge) for the Criminal Police (Kriminalpolizei or Kripo), the detective police force of Nazi Germany. These badges were generally suspended from a chain and included the officer's identification number on the reverse.

Karel Bruml's concentration camp cap

After being deported from Theresienstadt to the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942, Karel Bruml wore this cap as a forced laborer in the Buna synthetic rubber works located in the Buna-Monowitz section of the camp.

Abraham Lewent's prisoner jacket

Abraham Lewent, who had been sent from the Warsaw ghetto to Majdanek and later transferred to several concentration camps in Germany, wore this jacket as part of the uniform issued to him upon his arrival in the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944.

Antisemitic children's book

Antisemitic children's book published in 1936 in Nuremberg, Germany. The title, in German, is translated as "You Can't Trust a Fox in the Heath and a Jew on his Oath: A Picture Book for Young and Old." The cover depicts a fox in the heath and a caricature of a Jew taking an oath.

Tourist guide to Kobe, Japan (cover)

The Kobe Municipal Office issued this English-language tourist guide to Kobe and its environs. Jewish refugees in Kobe used such pieces of information. Kobe, Japan, 1940-1941. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]

Japanese-German phrase book (interior)

The table of contents from a Japanese-German phrase book purchased by German Jewish refugees shortly after their arrival in Japan. The phrase book offers useful expressions in Japanese relating to travel, hotel stays, eating, and shopping in Japan. Japan, 1940-1941. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]

Refugee's notebook

Notebook of Josef Fiszman, a refugee writer from Warsaw. He sold articles to Jewish newspapers in Shanghai and Harbin but still needed help to live from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Writing in Yiddish, Fiszman rotated the notebook in order to write from right to left (the words "Note book" thus appear to be upside down in this image). [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]

We Will Never Die, program cover, 1943

The program cover for "We Will Never Die" featured Arthur Szyk’s "Tears of Rage" artwork. The cover's original dimensions are: 12 1/16" x 9 1/16" x 3/16.

Beifeld album page titled "Christmas Apotheosis"

Drawing entitled 'Christmas Apotheosis! Don't let them do it' in which a member of a Hungarian medical unit stands behind a wounded Hungarian soldier as Russian tanks are destroying a Christmas tree. [Photograph #58087]

Jadwiga Dzido's military entry permit

Reverse side of a military entry permit allowing Jadwiga Dzido to travel through occupied Germany to appear as a witness in the Medical Case trial at Nuremberg. 1946.

Cover, International Military Tribunal program

Cover of a mimeographed program booklet distributed at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.

International Military Tribunal booklet cover

Cover of program booklet distributed at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.

Edward Vebell courtroom sketch

Courtroom sketch drawn during the International Military Tribunal by American artist Edward Vebell. The drawing's title is "German defense counsel -- they are immediately in front of the defendants." 1945.

Edward Vebell courtroom sketch

Courtroom sketch drawn during the International Military Tribunal by American artist Edward Vebell. The drawing's title is "A few studies of the German defense counsel." 1945.

Booklet about International Military Tribunal

First page of a program booklet distributed during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. The dramatic text sets the scene in the courtroom.

International Military Tribunal prison pass

Back side of an entry pass to the prison housing war criminals at the International Military Tribunal. This pass was issued to a U.S. military guard.

Evidence Tag

Evidence tag from the trial of Klaus Barbie in Lyon, France. This standard police form lists Barbie's infractions as crimes against humanity and complicity, concepts defined at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg decades earlier. The line in which the victims' names would be recorded is left blank. February 25, 1983.

Evidence Tag

Evidence tag from the trial of Klaus Barbie in Lyon, France. This standard police form lists Barbie's infractions as crimes against humanity and complicity, concepts defined at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg decades earlier. The line in which the victims' names would be recorded is left blank. February 25, 1983.

Eichmann trial ticket

Single-use entry pass for the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, Israel. June 8, 1961.

Ben Ferencz's pass

Pass issued to Benjamin Ferencz, war crimes investigator and later chief prosecutor in the Einsatzgruppen Trial. This pass granted the bearer free movement within the US-occupied zone of postwar Germany.

Pamphlet cover

Illustration from cover of a German anti-Masonic pamphlet by Friedrich Haffelbacher, entitled "Das Todesurteil ueber die Freimaurerei in Deutschland" [The Death Sentence for Freemasons in Germany].

Stamps

A special issue of Serbian stamps bearing antisemitic and anti-Masonic themes dating from the German occupation. The series was issued for an exhibition on Jews and Freemasons in Belgrade in 1942.

Original nitrate film rolls

Many of Julien Bryan's original 35mm nitrate film rolls were actively deteriorating when the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum acquired the collection in 2003.

1963 postage stamp commemorating Treblinka

In 1963, the German Democratic Republic (DDR) issued this postage stamp to commemorate the Treblinka killing center. This was the first stamp of a series issued annually by the DDR under the name Mahn- und Gedensksatte (Remembrance and Memorial Center) in remembrance and commemoration. 

Nazi banner

Nazi banner with a swastika. The swastika became the most recognizable symbol of Nazi propaganda, appearing on the Nazi flag, election posters, arm bands, medallions, and badges for military and other organizations.

Italy, camps for displaced persons

Jewish "illegal" immigration, 1945-1947

Jewish immigration to Israel, 1948-1950

European Jewish population distribution, ca. 1950

Mauthausen environs, April 1945

A map of the Mauthausen concentration camp environs in April 1945.

Mauthausen concentration camp, April 1945

A map of the Mauthausen concentration camp in April 1945.

Introduction to the Holocaust: Photographs

The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators.

Refugees - Maps

Explore maps related to the search for refuge both during the period of the Holocaust and in its aftermath.

Refugees (Abridged Article) - Maps

Explore maps related to the search for refuge both during and after the period of the Holocaust. 

Refugees (Abridged Article) - ID Cards/Oral Histories

Refugees faced enormous obstacles in finding safe havens during the Great Depression and World War II.   

Displaced Persons - ID Card/Oral History

Displaced Persons - Historical Film Footage

Women during the Holocaust: Photographs

View photos connected to the experiences of women during the Holocaust, as well as the important role women played in resistance activities.

Chelmno - Photographs

The Chelmo killing center in German-occupied Poland was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for the mass murder of Jews. The SS and police began killing operations at Chelmno on December 8, 1941. At least 172,000 people were kill...

Chelmno (Abridged Article) - Photographs

The Chelmo killing center in German-occupied Poland was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for the mass murder of Jews. The SS and police began killing operations at Chelmno on December 8, 1941. At least 172,000 people were kill...

Dachau - Photographs

Dachau opened in Germany in March 1933. It was the first regular concentration camp of the Nazi regime. Prisoners were subjected to horrific conditions, forced labor, and medical experiments. Dachau became the model for all Nazi concentration camp...

Dachau - Animated Map/Map

Dachau opened in March 1933 as the first regular concentration camp of the Nazi regime. Its system became the model for all other Nazi concentration camps. 

Dachau - ID Card/Oral History

Prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp were subjected to horrific conditions, forced labor, and medical experiments. The camp was liberated by American forces on April 29, 1945.Here, Dachau survivors and US Army veterans share their tes...

Dachau - Historical Film Footage

Dachau opened in Germany in March 1933. It was the first regular concentration camp of the Nazi regime. Prisoners were subjected to horrific conditions, forced labor, and medical experiments. Dachau became the model for all other Nazi concentratio...

Dachau (Abridged Article) - Photograph

Dachau opened in Germany in March 1933. It was the first regular concentration camp of the Nazi regime. Prisoners were subjected to horrific conditions, forced labor, and medical experiments. Dachau became the model f...

D-Day: Photographs

Explore images related to the June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of Normandy—commonly known as “D-Day."

Gassing Operations: Oral History Excerpts

The Nazis established five killing centers in occupied Poland. Listen to survivors descri...