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Prisoners at forced labor under SS and police guard in the Oranienburg concentration camp. Oranienburg was one of the first first concentration camps established in Germany. Oranienburg, Germany, 1934.
Jewish refugee children look out of the train window as they leave Berlin. They were on a Kindertransport from Germany. Schlesischen train station, Berlin, Germany, November 29-30, 1938.
Delegates to the Evian Conference, where the fate of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany was discussed. US delegate Myron Taylor is third from left. France, July 1938.
A group of German and Austrian Jewish refugee children arrives in New York on board the SS President Harding. New York, United States, June 3, 1939.
German Jewish refugees look through portholes of the St. Louis, in Havana harbor. Cuba refused to let the passengers disembark. Cuba, May or June, 1939.
Jewish refugee youth from French transit camps at the Children's Aid Society (OSE) home "Maison des Pupilles de la Nation." Some of the children are in flight, en route to Switzerland. Aspet, France, June-August 1942.
A view of the quarry at the Mauthausen concentration camp, where prisoners were subjected to forced labor. Austria, 1938-1945.
Forced labor in a workshop in the Monowitz camp, part of the Auschwitz camp complex. Poland, between 1941 and January 1945.
Corpses found when US troops liberated the Gusen camp, a subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria, after May 12, 1945.
A US soldier tends to a former prisoner lying among corpses of victims at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, after April 10, 1945.
Members of the 12th Armored Division, which included African American platoons, await their orders. Germany, April 1945.
African American soldier Warren Capers was recommended for a Silver Star for his actions during the Allied invasion of France. He and his medical detachment aided more than 330 soldiers. France, August 18, 1944.
African Americans were among the liberators of the Buchenwald concentration camp. William Scott, seen here during training, was a military photographer and helped document Nazi crimes in the camp. Alabama, United States, March 1943.
Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Tiger Hill, carrying Jewish refugees from Europe, lands in Tel Aviv, Palestine. Jewish residents of Palestine greet the ship. September 1, 1939.
Jewish refugees on board the Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Atrato. The ship was caught by the British off the coast of Jaffa, Palestine, and escorted to Haifa port. July 17, 1939.
Myron Taylor, US delegate to the Evian Conference, pleads for the establishment of an intergovernmental committee to facilitate Jewish emigration. Evian-les-Bains, France, July 15, 1938.
Barracks for prisoners at the Flossenbürg concentration camp, seen here after liberation of the camp by US forces. Flossenbürg, Germany, May 5, 1945.
Execution site in the Flossenbürg concentration camp, seen here after liberation of the camp by US armed forces. Flossenbürg, Germany, after May 1945.
After the liberation of the Flossenbürg camp, a US Army officer (right) examines a crematorium oven in which Flossenbürg camp victims were cremated. Flossenbürg, Germany, April 30, 1945.
A counterfeit British bank note produced by Jewish forced laborers employed in Operation Bernhard at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Under an order issued by SS chief Heinrich Himmler in 1942, Operation Bernhard initially aimed to produce large quantities of counterfeit British bank notes. The goal was to flood the British currency market and trigger a financial crisis.
View of damage done to a Jewish-owned store during the anti-Jewish boycott. Frankfurt, Germany, April 1, 1933.
The Nazis spent large sums in preparation for the Olympic games. Here, German officials show the extent of the Olympic village using a scale model. Berlin, Germany, July 1936.
Adolf Hitler passes through the Brandenburg Gate on the way to the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games. Berlin, Germany, August 1, 1936.
In the Olympic Stadium, German spectators salute Adolf Hitler during the Games of the 11th Olympiad. Berlin, Germany, August 1936.
Rows of SA standard bearers line the field behind the speaker's podium at the 1935 Nazi Party Congress. Adolf Hitler addresses the crowds from the podium. Nuremberg, Germany, September 1935.
Passport issued to Lore Oppenheimer, a German Jew, with "J" for "Jude" stamped on the card. "Sara" was added to the names of all German Jewish women. Hildesheim, Germany, July 3, 1939.
American Zionist leader Rabbi Stephen S. Wise (right) with Bernard Deutsch, president of the American Jewish Congress, before making a protest to President Franklin D. Roosevelt against religious persecution in Germany. New York, United States, March 22, 1933.
Polish Jewish orphans, under the temporary care of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), en route to France and Belgium. Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1946.
Adolf Hitler poses with his cabinet shortly after assuming power as chancellor of Germany. Hitler is flanked by Joseph Goebbels (left) and Hermann Göring (right). Berlin, Germany, 1933.
The Reichstag (German parliament) building burns in Berlin. Hitler used the event to convince President Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency, suspending important constitutional safeguards. Germany, February 27, 1933.
Prisoners arrested during the crackdown on leftists and other targeted groups exercise in the courtyard of the Alexanderplatz prison. Munich, Germany, April 10, 1933.
Germans listen to an antisemitic speech by Hitler. Josef Goebbels, minister of propaganda, encouraged every family to acquire a radio. Germany, January 30, 1937.
Members of a German military unit swear allegiance to Adolf Hitler. Germany, date uncertain.
A Hitler Youth ceremony, typical of those conceived by Baldur von Schirach. They aimed to strengthen dedication to Hitler. Members recited verses, sang patriotic songs, and performed "mock funerals" for "fallen comrades." Germany, date uncertain.
Adolf Hitler reviews his troops at Prague castle on the day of the occupation. Prague, Czechoslovakia, March 15, 1939.
The "You Are My Witnesses" wall in the Hall of Witness at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, DC, January 2003.
Amon Goeth, commandant of the Płaszów camp. Płaszów, Poland, between February 1943 and September 1944.
Construction of Oskar Schindler's armaments factory in Bruennlitz. Czechoslovakia, October 1944.
Group portrait of students and teachers at the Hebrew gymnasium in Munkacs. 1936-1937.
At Berlin's Opernplatz (Opera Square), an SA man throws books into the flames at the public burning of books deemed "un-German." This image is a still from a motion picture. Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Joseph Goebbels, German propaganda minister, speaks on the night of book burning. Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Mr. Mandil and his son Gavra, Yugoslav Jews, while in hiding. The Mandil family escaped to Albania in 1942. After the German occupation in 1943, Mandil's Albanian apprentice hid the family, all of whom survived. Albania, between 1942 and 1945.
An interior view of the Sephardic synagogue on Luetzowstrasse. Berlin, Germany, before November 1938.
Bertolt Brecht, author of the "Threepenny Opera" and a well-known leftist poet and dramatist, who emigrated from Germany in 1933. In exile, he co-edited an anti-Nazi magazine titled Das Wort. London, Great Britain, 1936.
Bertolt Brecht (left), Marxist poet and dramatist, was a staunch opponent of the Nazis. He fled Germany shortly after Hitler's rise to power. Pictured here with his son, Stefan. Germany, 1931.
A group of Jewish girls hiding, under assumed identities, in a convent. Ruiselede, Belgium, 1943-44.
A private Jewish home vandalized during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.
A private Jewish home vandalized during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.
Nazi propaganda poster warning Germans about the dangers of east European "subhumans." Germany, date uncertain.
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