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The Nuremberg Race Laws
ArticleWhat were the Nuremberg Race Laws? On September 15, 1935, the Nazi regime announced two new laws: The Reich Citizenship Law The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor These laws informally became known as the Nuremberg Laws or Nuremberg Race Laws. This is because they were first announced at a Nazi Party rally held in the German city of Nuremberg. Why did the Nazis enact the Nuremberg Race Laws? The Nuremberg Race LawsThe Nazis enacted the Nuremberg Laws, because they…
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The Nuremberg Courtroom
ArticleWhy Nuremberg? During the summer of 1945, SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force), and its successor organization USFET (US Forces, European Theater) conducted a survey of possible locations for the International Military Tribunal (IMT). They concluded that Nuremberg should be selected as the location. Despite the fact that more than three quarters of the city lay in rubble, Nuremberg contained the only undamaged facilities—the Palace of Justice—that were extensive enough to…
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Nuremberg Race Laws
ArticleThe Nuremberg Race Laws were two in a series of key decrees, legislative acts, and case law in...
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Building the Courtroom, Building the Case
ArticleThe Allied powers made major modifications to the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg to accommodate the postwar International Military Tribunal. See photos and read more.
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Combating Holocaust Denial: Evidence of the Holocaust presented at Nuremberg
ArticleAt the Nuremberg trials, Allied prosecutors submitted documentation left by the Nazi state itself. This evidence is a lasting refutation of attempts to deny the Holocaust.
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How Were the Crimes Defined?
ArticleToday, a body of international criminal law exists to prosecute perpetrators of mass atrocities. Learn about principles and precedents from the Nuremberg Charter and the IMT.
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Nuremberg Trials
ArticleTrials of top surviving German leaders for Nazi Germany’s crimes began in Nuremberg after World War II. Read about the Nuremberg trials.
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Newspaper headlines about the sentences given at the International Military Tribunal
PhotoAn American correspondent reads a special edition of the Nürnberger newspaper reporting the sentences handed down by the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, Germany, October 1, 1946.
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Press reports of the sentences handed down by the International Military Tribunal
PhotoPeople gather in the street to read a special edition of the Nurnberger newspaper reporting the sentences handed down by the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, Germany, October 1, 1946.
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Prisoners of the Gestapo
PhotoPrisoners march in the courtyard of the Gestapo headquarters in Nuremberg. The original caption to the photograph reads: "The courtyard of the Gestapo headquarters, Nurnberg. These appear to be Frenchmen taken to Germany as slave laborers".
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Documenting war crimes trials
PhotoView of the mimeograph room in the Palace of Justice at Nuremberg after the transcripts on the sentencing of the defendants in the High Command Case had been run off. The reproduction of documents during the Nuremberg trials, often in four languages, was a huge logistical challenge. Nuremberg, Germany, 1948. (Source record ID: A65III/RA-121-D)
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Who Was Put on Trial?
ArticleThe International Military Tribunal charged 24 defendants representing a cross-section of German diplomatic, economic, political, and military leadership.
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William (Bill) Zeck describes the role of the Nuremberg trials in establishing a historical record
Oral HistoryBefore joining the US Army, Zeck—a lawyer—worked for the Board of Economic Warfare. In 1946, he was hired to work on preparations for the Nuremberg trials. In his search for documents pertaining to the I. G. Farben company's involvement in the war, Zeck also met attorney Belle Mayer, his future wife. Both Zeck and Mayer were involved in preparing the indictment in the I. G. Farben trial held at Nuremberg.
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Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #6, The IG Farben Case
ArticleAfter World War II ended, the Allies established courts in each of th...
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International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
ArticleThe International Military Tribunal (IMT) opened in Nuremberg within months of Germany’s surrender. Learn about the judges, defendants, charges, and legacies.
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Postwar Trials
ArticleEfforts to bring the perpetrators of Nazi-era crimes to justice continue into the 21st century. Learn more.
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The defendants' box at the Nuremberg trial
PhotoThe defendants' box at the Nuremberg trial. Hermann Göring is seated at the far left of the first row. Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-1946.
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Remodeling of the Palace of Justice
PhotoView during the remodeling of the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg in preparation for the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, Germany, 1945.
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US troops in Nuremberg
PhotoThe inhabitants of Nuremberg watch a parade of US troops through their city. Nuremberg, Germany, 1946.
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The defendants in the dock during the Justice Case
PhotoThe defendants in the dock during the Justice Case, Case #3 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Nuremberg, Germany, 1947.
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How did postwar trials shape approaches to international justice?
Discussion QuestionThe aftermath of the Holocaust raised questions about the search for justice in the wake of mass atrocity and genocide. The World War II Allied powers provided a major, highly public model for establishing internation...
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Judgment Day at the International Military Tribunal
PhotoAn armored car parked outside the gate of the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg on the day the judgment of the International Military Tribunal was handed down. Nuremberg, Germany, October 1, 1946.
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The defendants in the Hostage Case
PhotoThe defendants in the dock (at rear, with headphones) and their lawyers (front) follow the proceedings of the Hostage Case, case #7 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Nuremberg, Germany, 1947-48.
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Bomb damage in Nuremberg
PhotoView of the bombed-out city of Nuremberg. Visible in the distance is the twin-spired Lorenz Church, and on the right, a statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I. Nuremberg, Germany, 1945.
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Caricature of defendant Alfred Rosenberg
PhotoCaricature of Nuremberg International Military Tribunal defendant Alfred Rosenberg, by the German newspaper caricaturist Peis. Nuremberg, Germany, October 1, 1946.
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Aerial view of the Nuremberg Palace of Justice
PhotoAerial view of the Nuremberg Palace of Justice, where the International Military Tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Nuremberg, Germany, November 1945.
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Nuremberg decorated with Nazi flags
PhotoView of a bridge spanning a canal in Nuremberg. The houses and bridge are decorated with Nazi flags and banners. Photograph taken by Julien Bryan in Nuremberg, Germany, 1937.
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The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings
ArticleAfter World War II ended, t...
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Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #2: The Milch Case
ArticleAfter World War II ended, the Allies established courts in each of their occupied zones in Germany to prosecute German officials for their role in the commission of war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. American military tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany, presided over 12 major proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others. Included among these Subsequent Nuremberg Trials was the Milch Case.
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Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #8, The RuSHA Case
ArticleAfter World War II ended, the Allies established courts in each of their occupied zones in Germany to prosecute German officials for their role in the commission of war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. American military tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany, presided over 12 major proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others. Included among these Subsequent Nuremberg Trials was the RuSHA Case.
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Translation in the Courtroom
ArticleThe Nuremberg trials were an early experiment in simultaneous translation. Learn about the principles and technology involved in translating the trial proceedings.
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Katzenberger Case, March 13, 1942
ArticleThe [Oath of Loyalty for All State Officials] was one of a series of key decree...
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International Military Tribunal: The Defendants
ArticleListing of the 24 leading Nazi officials indicted at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Learn about the defendants and the charges against them.
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Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #11: The Ministries Case
ArticleAfter World War II ended, t...
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Julius Streicher: Biography
ArticleJulius Streicher, an early Nazi Party members, was an organizer of the anti-Jewish boycott of April 1933 and publisher of the virulently antisemitic Der Stürmer.
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Bayer
ArticleAs part of the IG Farben conglomerate, which strongly supported the Third Reich, the Bayer company was complicit in the crimes of Nazi Germany. Learn more.
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Ben Ferencz and the Fight for International Justice
ArticleBen Ferencz investigated and prosecuted Nazi crimes and has devoted his life to creating an international system of justice. Learn about his activities and impact.
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Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg
FilmIn the 1920s and 1930s, the German city of Nuremberg was host to massive and lavish rallies for the Nazi Party. This film footage, produced by Julien Bryan in 1937, shows saluting crowds in the Nuremberg stadium watching groups parade past Adolf Hitler.
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The courtroom during the Einsatzgruppen Trial
PhotoThe courtroom during the Einsatzgruppen Trial of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Chief Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz stands in the center of the room. He is presenting evidence. Nuremberg, Germany, between September 29, 1947, and April 10, 1948.
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Aerial view of the Nuremberg prison
PhotoAn aerial view of the Nuremberg prison, where defendants in the International Military Tribunal war crimes trial were held. Photograph taken in Nuremberg, Germany, between October 1945 and October 1946.
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War damage in Nuremberg
PhotoAt the time of the International Military Tribunal, the city of Nuremberg reflected the devastation of war, as did much of Europe. This landscape of destruction stands in stark contrast to the Nazi rallies held in Nuremberg only years earlier.
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Defendants at the Nuremberg trial of war criminals
PhotoDefendants Wilhelm Keitel (left), Ernst Kaltenbrunner (middle), and Alfred Rosenberg (right), talk during a recess in the proceedings at the International Military Tribunal trial of war criminals at Nuremberg. Nuremberg, Germany, 1945–1946.
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Chief Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz
PhotoChief Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, Case #9 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Photograph taken in Nuremberg, Germany, between July 29, 1947, and April 10, 1948.
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Massed crowds at the 1935 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg
PhotoSpectators in the stands of the Zeppelinfeld look on as Adolf Hitler's car moves towards the speakers' platform at the opening of Reichsparteitag (Reich Party Day) ceremonies in Nuremberg. The Zeppelinfeld was part of the Nazi Party rally grounds. Nuremberg, Germany, September 1935.
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US guards in front of the cells holding Nazi war criminals
PhotoDuring the Nuremberg Trial, American guards maintain constant surveillance over the major Nazi war criminals in the prison attached to the Palace of Justice. Nuremberg, Germany, November 1945.
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Translators at the Nuremberg trial
PhotoEnglish, French, Russian, and German were official languages of the Nuremberg trials. Translators provided simultaneous translations of the proceedings. Here, they route translations through a switchboard to participants in the trial. Nuremberg, Germany, November 1945.
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Albert Speer standing in the defendants' dock at Nuremberg
PhotoThe defendants and their lawyers at the International Military Tribunal trial of war criminals at Nuremberg. Defendant Albert Speer (standing at right) delivers a statement in the dock. Nuremberg, Germany, November 20, 1945-October 1, 1946.
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A Czech witness to the Lidice massacre is sworn in at the RuSHA trial
PhotoA Czech woman who witnessed the Nazi massacre of the male inhabitants of Lidice is sworn in at the RuSHA trial in Nuremberg, case #8 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Germany, October 30, 1947.
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Karl Dönitz
ArticleBrief overview of the charges against Karl Dönitz, German navy commander in chief, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
