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Baltic Countries 1933, Kovno indicated

J Malan Heslop

J Malan Heslop was a photographer in the US Army Signal Corps. After the camps were liberated, the Signal Corps had a key role in documenting the atrocities of the Holocaust. Heslop captured the plight of survivors in the Ebensee subcamp of Mauthaus...

Sudetenland ceded to Germany

This footage shows German forces entering the Sudetenland. Under the terms of the Munich Pact, Germany annexed this largely German-speaking region from Czechoslovakia. Germany, Italy, Britain, and France were party to the pact, which averted war. Czechoslovakia, however, was not permitted to attend the Munich conference. Hitler later violated the Munich Pact by destroying the Czech state in March 1939.

Beifeld album page illustrating fortifications and first fatality

(Bottom) View of fortifications built at Kalimovka to defend the advancing troops of the 4th Infantry Division of the Hungarian 2nd Army. In the lower right corner of the drawing, men prepare the grave of Jewish Labor Serviceman Nandor Klein, the first fatality of the company. The Hungarian caption reads: The death of our first hero, Nandor Klein, his grave, June 5, 1942." Klein was killed by a stray Soviet bullet on his way back to base. [Photograph #58013]

British troops land on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day

British troops land on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day, the beginning of the Allied invasion of France to establish a second front against German forces in Europe. Normandy, France, June 6, 1944.

Jewish Resistance

Resistance comes in many forms, both violent and non-violent, collective and individual. Learn more about Jewish resistance to Nazi oppression.

Franz Monjau

After secondary school, Franz studied painting at Duesseldorf's Academy of Fine Arts, eventually shifting to art education. He joined an avant-garde group rebelling against traditional painting. Later, he taught art to high school students. For Franz the drift towards fascism was frightening, as was the increasing antisemitism. But being only half Jewish, he did not feel worried about his personal safety. 1933-39: Hitler became chancellor of Germany on Franz's thirtieth birthday. Five months later Franz…

Auschwitz Through the Lens of the SS: Frankfurt Trial

Karl Höcker’s album shows him in close contact to the main perpetrators at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Learn about his 1963 trial and the significance of his album.

Esther Raab recalls the arrival of transports in Sobibor

Esther was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Chelm, Poland. In December 1942, she was deported from a work camp to the Sobibor killing center in occupied Poland. Upon arrival at Sobibor, Esther was selected to work in a sorting shed. She sorted clothing and the possessions of the people killed at the camp. During the summer and fall of 1943, Esther was among a group of prisoners in the Sobibor camp who planned an uprising and escape. Leon Feldhendler and Aleksandr (Sasha) Pechersky were the leaders…

Buchenwald

The Nazi regime established the Buchenwald camp in 1937. Learn about the camp’s prisoners, conditions there, forced labor, subcamps, medical experiments, and liberation.

Concentration Camp System: In Depth

The Nazi regime's extensive camp system included concentration camps, forced-labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps, transit camps, and killing centers.

Mir

The Mir ghetto was established in Mir, Poland in 1941. Learn more about life and resistance in the ghetto.

Gerhard (Gad) Beck

Gad Beck was born in 1923 in Berlin, Germany.

The German Churches and the Nazi State

How did Christians and their churches in Germany respond to the Nazi regime and its laws, particularly to the persecution of the Jews? Learn more.

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

From 1940 to 1944, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon and neighboring villages provided shelter to some 5,000 people, among them Jews fleeing persecution.

View of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

View of Le Chambon, where most of the village's Protestant population hid Jews from the Nazis. Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, date uncertain.

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

Building in Le Chambon which served as a refugee home for children

Postcard of a pension (a small hotel) in Le Chambon which served as a refugee home for children sheltered from the Nazis. Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, date uncertain.

Children who were sheltered in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

A group of children who were sheltered in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, a town in southern France. Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, August 1942.

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon - Photograph

France 1933, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon indicated

Bible from Le Chambon pastor who saved Jews

The family bible shown here belonged to Andre Trocme and contains annotations he made in preparation for his sermons. Trocme was a Protestant pastor in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France. During the war, he and the town's residents helped shield Jews, especially Jewish children, and others from the Germans. The operation saved thousands of refugees, including about 5,000 Jews. His handwritten inscription in French reads, in part, "Happy are those hungry and thirsty of justice; for they will be satisfied."

Jewish children who were sheltered in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

Jewish children sheltered by the Protestant population of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. France, 1941.

Jewish children who were sheltered in Le Chambon

Group of Jewish children who were sheltered in the children's home Maison des Roches, which was directed by Daniel Trocme (back, center, with glasses). Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, between 1941 and 1943.

Jewish children who were sheltered in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

Jewish children sheltered by the Protestant population of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. France, 1941–44.