Leon Trotsky
In 1933, Nazi students at more than 30 German universities pillaged libraries in search of books they considered to be "un-German." Among the literary and political writings they threw into the flames were the works of Leon Trotsky.
Excerpt
Only a European and then a world federation of socialist republics can be the real arena for a harmonious socialist society.
—"In Defense of October," 1932
Works Burned
All works published before May 1933
Summary
Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, became a close associate of Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin. Although Trotsky was a bitter opponent of Josef Stalin, whom he considered a corruptor of Marxism, Trotsky's works—like Stalin's—ended up on the students' bonfires in Germany in 1933.
Trotsky was an advocate of a permanent, world revolutionary Communist movement. In Nazi eyes he personified the antisemitic notion of a Jewish-Bolshevik revolutionary threat. Driven out of the Soviet Union by Stalin, Trotsky attacked both Hitler and Stalin from exile in Mexico. In 1940, he was murdered by agents of the Soviet secret service on Stalin's orders.
![Public burning of "un-German" books in the Opernplatz. [LCID: 70137]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/49b4994c-a55a-4025-9a9e-86aa78208a02.jpg)