Media Essay

Translation in the Courtroom - Photograph

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Nuremberg International Military Tribunal war crimes trials aftermath of the Holocaust

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Translators at the Nuremberg trial

English, French, Russian, and German were official languages of the Nuremberg trials.

English, French, Russian, and German were official languages of the Nuremberg trials. Translators provided simultaneous translations of the proceedings. Here, they route translations through a switchboard to participants in the trial. Nuremberg, Germany, November 1945.

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Translators at the International Military Tribunal

Translators operate an IBM machine during a session of the International Military Tribunal.

Translators operate an IBM machine during a session of the International Military Tribunal. (Source record ID: A65III/RA-198-D)

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German Field Marshal on trial

German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt (with his back to the camera) speaks to American prosecutor Robert Kempner (left) and interpreter Gerald Schwab during a pause at the IMT Nuremberg commission hearings investigating the Supreme Command of the German Armed Forces.

German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt (with his back to the camera) speaks to American prosecutor Robert Kempner (left) and interpreter Gerald Schwab during a pause at the IMT Nuremberg commission hearings investigating the Supreme Command of the German Armed Forces. June 19, 1946.

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Robert Kempner shows a document to German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein

American prosecutor Robert Kempner shows a document to German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein at the IMT Nuremberg commission hearings investigating indicted Nazi organizations.

US prosecutor Robert Kempner shows a document to German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein at the International Military Tribunal commission hearings investigating indicted Nazi organizations. Also pictured is the interpreter, a Mrs. Lowenstein. July 1946.

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