Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. By 1945, most European Jews—two out of every three—had been killed.

When attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust, the single most important thing to keep in mind  is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. The estimates of today might rise or fall as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of events.

The best estimates for Jewish losses country by country are offered below. All figures are estimates and subject to change with the discovery of new documentation. 

Albania

Jewish population in 1937: approximately 200
Deaths: unknown

Austria

Jewish population of Austria in 1938: 185,026
Deaths: 65,459

Belgium

Jewish population of Belgium in 1939: 90,000
Deaths: 24,387

Bulgaria

Jewish population of Bulgaria in 1937: 50,000
Deaths: unknown

Czechoslovakia

Jewish population of Czechoslovakia in 1921: 354,000
Deaths: 260,000

Sudetenland
Jewish population in 1939: 2,363
Deaths: at least 360

Bohemia-Moravia
Jewish population in 1930: 117,551
Deaths: 77,297

Slovakia
Jewish population in 1940: 88,951
Deaths: approximately 60,000

Hungarian-occupied Southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus
Jewish population in 1939: 142,000–148,000
Deaths: 114,000–120,000

Denmark

Jewish population of Denmark in 1937: 7,500
Deaths: 52–116

Estonia

Jewish population of Estonia in 1937: 4,500
Deaths: 963

France

Jewish population of France in 1937: 300,000–330,000
Deaths: 72,900–74,000

Germany

Jewish population of Germany in 1939: 237,723
Deaths: 165,200

Greece

Jewish population of Greece in 1941: 71,611
Deaths: 58,800–65,000

Bulgarian-Occupied Thrace
Deaths: 4,221

Hungary

Jewish population of Hungary in 1937: 490,621
Deaths: 297,621

Hungary (borders of 1941)
Jewish population: 825,007
Deaths: 564,507

Italy

Jewish population of Italy in 1938: 58,412
Jewish population in German-occupied Italy: approximately 43,000
Deaths: 7,858

Latvia

Jewish population of Latvia in 1939: 93,479
Deaths: 70,000

Lithuania

Jewish population of Lithuania in 1937: 153,000
Deaths: 130,000

Luxembourg

Jewish population of Luxembourg in May 1940: 3,500–5,000
Deaths: 1,200

Netherlands

Jewish population of the Netherlands in May 1940: 140,245
Deaths: 102,000

Norway

Jewish population of Norway in April 1940: approximately 1,800
Deaths: at least 758

Poland

Jewish population of Poland in 1937: 3,350,000
Deaths: 2,770,000–3,000,000

Romania

Jewish population of Romania in 1930: 756,930
Deaths: 211,214–260,000

Hungarian-occupied Northern Transylvania
Deaths: 90,295

Bessarabia and Bukovina
Jewish population in 1930: 314,000
Jewish population in 1941: 185,000
Deaths: 103,919–130,000

Soviet Union

Jewish population of the Soviet Union in 1939: 3,028,538
Deaths: approximately 1,340,000

Yugoslavia

Jewish population of Yugoslavia in 1941: 82,242
Deaths: 67,228

Slovenia (German-occupied)
Jewish population in 1937: 1,500
Deaths: 1,300

Serbia with Banat and Sandžak (German-occupied)
Jewish population in 1937: 17,200
Deaths 15,060

Macedonia (Bulgarian-occupied)
Jewish population in 1941: 7,762
Deaths: 6,982

Pirot, Serbia (Bulgarian-occupied)
Deaths: 140

Albanian-annexed Kosovo 
Jewish population in 1937: 550
Deaths: 210

Croatia with Dalmatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina
Jewish population in 1937: 39,400
Deaths: 30,148

Montenegro (German-occupied)
Jewish population in 1937: 30
Deaths: 28

Backa and Baranja (Hungarian-annexed)
Jewish population in 1937: 16,000
Deaths: 13,500