<p>During the remilitarization of the Rhineland, German civilians salute German forces crossing the Rhine River in open violation of the <a href="/narrative/116">Treaty of Versailles</a>. Mainz, Germany, March 7, 1936.</p>
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Shattered storefront of a Jewish-owned shop destroyed during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Berlin, Germany, November 10, 1938.
Article
1938: Key Dates
Germans in front of a Jewish-owned department store in Berlin during the anti-Jewish boycott. Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933.
Timeline Event
Anti-Jewish Boycott
A boycott sign posted on the display window of a Jewish-owned business reads: "Germans defend yourselves against Jewish atrocity propaganda. Buy only at German shops!" Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933.
Photo
Anti-Jewish boycott poster in Berlin
German police authorities issued this passport to Erna "Sara" Schlesinger on July 8, 1939, in Berlin. This first page of the passport illustrates the German laws that facilitated the identification of Jews in Germany. From 1938, German regulations required that Jewish women with a first name of "non-Jewish" origin use the middle name "Sara" on all official documents. Jewish men had to add the name "Israel". The letter "J" (standing for "Jude," that is, the word "Jew" in German) was stamped in red on the passports of Jews who were also German nationals. Erna Schlesinger emigrated to the United States in 1939.
Article
Anti-Jewish Legislation in Prewar Germany
Media Essay
Anti-Jewish Legislation in Prewar Germany - Photographs
Joseph Goebbels, German propaganda minister, speaks on the night of book burning. Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Timeline Event
Book Burning
Media Essay
Book Burning (Abridged Article) - Photograph
Books and writings deemed "un-German" are burned at the Opernplatz (Opera Square). Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Photo
Book burning in Berlin
Media Essay
Book Burning - Photograph
Germans in front of a Jewish-owned department store in Berlin during the anti-Jewish boycott. Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933.
Article
Boycott of Jewish Businesses
Media Essay
Boycott of Jewish Businesses - Photograph
Members of the Storm Troopers (SA), with boycott signs, block the entrance to a Jewish-owned shop. One of the signs exhorts: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!" Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933.
Photo
Boycott of Jewish-owned businesses
Cartoon depicting Jews, communists, and other enemies of the Nazis hanging on a gallows, 1935
Document
Cartoon depicting enemies of the Nazis
Media Essay
Concentration Camps, 1933–39 - Photograph
Media Essay
Ernest Hemingway - Photograph
Siegfried Graetschus (right) and an unidentified man stand in front of Grafeneck, the first killing center established under Aktion T4 (the Nazi Euthanasia Program). Before joining the T4 program, Graetschus worked at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Photo dated early 1940. 
Timeline Event
“Euthanasia” Killings

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