<p>A Jewish woman during a deportation from the <a href="/narrative/2014">Warsaw</a> ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, between October 1940 and May 1943.</p>
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A family of Macedonian Jews in the Tobacco Monopoly transit camp in Skopje before deportation. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The Macedonian Jews were kept there between eleven and eighteen days, before being deported by train in three transports between March 22 and 29, to Treblinka.
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A family of Macedonian Jews before deportation
A group of children assembled for deportation to Chelmno. During the roundup known as the "Gehsperre" Aktion, the elderly, infirm, and children were rounded up for deportation. Lodz, Poland, September 5-12, 1942.
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A group of children assembled for deportation to Chelmno
A group of Jewish men on a train platform with French policemen at the Austerlitz station before deportation to the Pithiviers internment camp. Paris, France, May 1941.
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A group of Jewish men at the Austerlitz station before deportation from Paris
A Jewish woman during a deportation from the Warsaw ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, between October 1940 and May 1943.
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A Jewish woman during a deportation from the Warsaw ghetto
Steven Fenves (born Fenyves) and his family lived in Subotica, Yugoslavia. His father, Lajos, managed a publishing house and his mother, Klári (Klara), was a graphic artist. In April 1941, Subotica fell under Hungarian occupation. Until May 1944, the Fenyveses lived in one corner of their apartment while Hungarian officers took over the rest of the family’s home. In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. In April, Lajos was deported to the Auschwitz camp in German-occupied Poland. Steven, his sister Estera, mother, and maternal grandmother were forced into a ghetto before being deported to a transit camp and then to Auschwitz. This page shows a recipe in the Fenyves family cookbook. Klári Fenyves created the cookbook, which was written in Hungarian. After the family was forced to leave their apartment before deportation, the family’s cook, Maris, saved this cookbook and some of Klári Fenyves’ artwork. She returned the artwork and the cookbook to the surviving family members after the war. Estera, Steven, and Lajos had survived, although Lajos died a few months after they were reunited.
Artifact
A page from the Fenyves family cookbook
Like other Jews, the Lewents were confined to the Warsaw ghetto. In 1942, as Abraham hid in a crawl space, the Germans seized his mother and sisters in a raid. They perished. He was deployed for forced labor nearby, but escaped to return to his father in the ghetto. In 1943, the two were deported to Majdanek, where Abraham's father died. Abraham later was sent to Skarzysko, Buchenwald, Schlieben, Bisingen, and Dachau. US troops liberated Abraham as the Germans evacuated prisoners.
Oral History
Abraham Lewent describes deportation to and conditions in Majdanek
Like other Jews, the Lewents were confined to the Warsaw ghetto. In 1942, as Abraham hid in a crawl space, the Germans seized his mother and sisters in a raid. They perished. He was deployed for forced labor nearby, but escaped to return to his father in the ghetto. In 1943, the two were deported to Majdanek, where Abraham's father died. Abraham later was sent to Skarzysko, Buchenwald, Schlieben, Bisingen, and Dachau. US troops liberated Abraham as the Germans evacuated prisoners.
Oral History
Abraham Lewent describes hiding during a raid in which his mother and sisters were seized for deportation from Warsaw to Treblinka
Steven Fenves (born Fenyves) and his family lived in Subotica, Yugoslavia. His father, Lajos, managed a publishing house and his mother, Klári (Klara), was a graphic artist. In April 1941, Subotica fell under Hungarian occupation. Until May 1944, the Fenyveses lived in one corner of their apartment while Hungarian officers took over the rest of the family’s home. In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. In April, Lajos was deported to the Auschwitz camp in German-occupied Poland. Steven, his sister Estera, mother, and maternal grandmother were forced into a ghetto before being deported to a transit camp and then to Auschwitz. This page shows a recipe in the Fenyves family cookbook. Klári Fenyves created the cookbook, which was written in Hungarian. After the family was forced to leave their apartment before deportation, the family’s cook, Maris, saved this cookbook and some of Klári Fenyves’ artwork. She returned the artwork and the cookbook to the surviving family members after the war. Estera, Steven, and Lajos had survived, although Lajos died a few months after they were reunited.
Artifact
Additional page from the Fenyves family cookbook
In April 1944, after the German occupation of Hungary, Agi, her mother, six-year-old brother, and aunt were forced into the Munkacs ghetto. Before deportation to Auschwitz, Agi was forced to work in the ghetto's brick factory. At Auschwitz, Agi, then 14 years old, was chosen as part of a Sonderkommando. This forced-labor detachment had to sort the clothing and possessions of inmates and victims at Auschwitz. In January 1945, Agi and other prisoners were forced on a death march from Auschwitz. She was liberated by Soviet forces in April/May 1945.
Oral History
Agate (Agi) Rubin describes events following the German occupation of Hungary
Media Essay
Albert Gani: Maps
Aleksander Belev, Bulgarian commissioner for Jewish Affairs (center, wearing hat and facing the camera), oversees the deportation of Jews. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943.
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Aleksander Belev, Bulgarian commissioner for Jewish Affairs, oversees a deportation
Jews proceed to an assembly point before deportation from Amsterdam. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, June-September 1943.
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Amsterdam
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Amsterdam, 1942
An SS officer stands in front of Jews assembled for deportation. Vienna, Austria, 1941-1942.
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An SS officer standing in front of Jews assembled for deportation
After the Nazis came to power in January 1933, Otto Frank (Anne Frank’s father) left Frankfurt, Germany, for Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. The rest of the Frank family soon followed. Anne was the last family member to arrive in Amsterdam in February 1934. In July 1942, German authorities began systematically deporting Jews from throughout the Netherlands to concentration camps and killing centers in the east. That same month, the Frank family went into hiding. They remained in hiding for the next two years. The German SS and police discovered the Frank family in 1944 and deported them to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Later that year, Anne and her sister Margot were transported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Anne and Margot died in Bergen-Belsen in February or March 1945. 
Map
Anne Frank: Amsterdam and deportation
Article
Anonymous Girl Diarist from the Lodz Ghetto

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