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The last remaining wall of the Boerneplatz synagogue, destroyed during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom. Onlookers watch during the dismantling and removal of remnants of the synagogue. Frankfurt am Main, Germany, January, 1939.
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synagogues

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A concert in the Oranienburger Street synagogue organized by the Cultural Society of German Jews. Berlin, Germany, 1938.
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A concert in the Oranienburger Street synagogue, Germany, 1938
As the synagogue in Oberramstadt burns during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), firefighters instead save a nearby house. Local residents watch as the synagogue is destroyed. Oberramstadt, Germany, November 9-10, 1938.
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Synagogue in Oberramstadt burns during Kristallnacht
The synagogue in Oberramstadt (a town in southwestern Germany) burns during Kristallnacht. Oberramstadt, Germany, November 9-10, 1938.
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Burning of the synagogue in Oberramstadt
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Central Paris, 1943
View of the burned-out Malbish Arimim synagogue on Teglash Street in Sighet. This photograph was taken after the deportation of the Jewish population. May 1944.
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Damaged synagogue in Sighet
German children, behind an SS man, watch as religious objects from the Zeven synagogue are set on fire during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Zeven, Germany, November 10, 1938.
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Desecration of objects from the Zeven synagogue
The holy ark in the sanctuary of the Seitenstetten Street synagogue, demolished during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Vienna, Austria, after November 9, 1938.
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Desecration of the Seitenstetten Street synagogue
The ruins of a synagogue destroyed by the Germans in 1943. The synagogue, originally built in 1853, was rebuilt after the war with the help of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Volos, Greece, 1944.
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Destroyed synagogue in Greece
The damaged lintel above a Torah ark from a synagogue that was destroyed during Kristallnacht. Nentershausen, Germany, 1938.
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Destruction of a synagogue
Destruction of the Dortmund synagogue during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Germany, November 1938.
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Destruction of the Dortmund synagogue
Prewar group portrait in front of a synagogue in the Transylvanian town of Sighet.
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Group portrait in front of a synagogue in Sighet
Jewish men sitting on the steps of a synagogue. Munkacs, Czechoslovakia, 1936.
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Jewish men sitting on the steps of a synagogue in Munkacs
Kristallnacht—literally, "Crystal Night"—is usually translated from German as the "Night of Broken Glass." It refers to the violent anti-Jewish pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. The pogrom occurred throughout Germany, which by then included both Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions all over the German Reich were attacked, vandalized, looted, and destroyed. Many were set ablaze. Firemen were instructed to let the synagogues burn but to prevent the flames from spreading to nearby structures. The shop windows of thousands of Jewish-owned stores were smashed and the wares within looted. Jewish cemeteries were desecrated. Many Jews were attacked by mobs of Storm Troopers (SA). At least 91 Jews died in the pogrom.
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"Kristallnacht": nationwide pogrom
Scene of prewar economic life: Jewish vendors sell their wares at an outdoor market in front of the Stara synagogue. Krakow, Poland, 1936.
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Outdoor market in Krakow
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Paris Environs, 1943
Property confiscated from deported Jews is stacked in a synagogue. Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1941–45.
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Property confiscated from deported Jews

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