Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, bringing approximately 200,000 additional Jews under Nazi rule. The Nazi regime quickly extended anti-Jewish legislation to Austria. At the time, the majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, the capital and an important center of Jewish culture and education.
![Austria, 1933 [LCID: aus19010]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/1a9842a9-bdfb-4342-bc0e-2e8e50e984e6.gif "Austria, 1933 [LCID: aus19010]")
!["Kristallnacht": nationwide pogrom [LCID: ger76080]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/e3709631-2b18-41c6-98fd-7f2b4d0d025e.gif "\"Kristallnacht\": nationwide pogrom [LCID: ger76080]")
Kristallnacht—literally, "Crystal Night"—is usually translated from German as the "Night of Broken Glass." It refers to the violent anti-Jewish pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. The pogrom occurred throughout Germany, which by then included both Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions all over the German Reich were attacked, vandalized, looted, and destroyed. Many were set ablaze. Firemen were instructed to let the synagogues burn but to prevent the flames from spreading to nearby structures. The shop windows of thousands of Jewish-owned stores were smashed and the wares within looted. Jewish cemeteries were desecrated. Many Jews were attacked by mobs of Storm Troopers (SA). At least 91 Jews died in the pogrom.
Item View![Vienna environs, 1942 [LCID: vie49030]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/9f49509b-5033-4654-9e46-ffd96a3ac495.gif "Vienna environs, 1942 [LCID: vie49030]")
![Deportations from Vienna, 1941-1945 [LCID: vie39043]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/9e575d32-7f6b-4fa6-ac85-439f49cf009d.gif "Deportations from Vienna, 1941-1945 [LCID: vie39043]")
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies, Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation, the Claims Conference, EVZ, and BMF for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of donor acknowledgement.
