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  • Dr. Robert Ritter visits a "Gypsy camp"

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    Dr. Robert Ritter talks to several residents in a Zigeunerlager ("Gypsy camp"). Hamburg, Germany, 1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most of the people whom Ritter studied and…

    Dr. Robert Ritter visits a "Gypsy camp"
  • Sophie Ehrhardt performs a racial examination on a Romani woman

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    Sophie Ehrhardt, a German hygienist working with Dr. Robert Ritter, performs a racial examination on a Romani woman. Berlin, Germany, c. 1936-1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most…

    Sophie Ehrhardt performs a racial examination on a Romani woman
  • Dr. Robert Ritter and Eva Justin examine a young boy interned in a "Gypsy camp"

    Photo

    Dr. Robert Ritter and Eva Justin examine a young boy interned in a Zigeunerlager (“Gypsy camp”). Cologne, Germany, c. 1937-1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most of the people…

    Dr. Robert Ritter and Eva Justin examine a young boy interned in a "Gypsy camp"
  • The “Gypsy camp” in Hodonín u Kunštátu

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    The “Gypsy camp” in Hodonín u Kunštátu (Hodonin bei Kunstadt), Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic), 1942.

    The “Gypsy camp” in Hodonín u Kunštátu
  • US Army unit at Camp Ritchie

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    Otto Perl poses with his US Army unit at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, circa 1945. Born in Austria, Perl served in the Austrian Army until March 1938, when he was dismissed because he was Jewish. With the help of a friend, Perl was able to obtain a US visa. He reached New York in 1940.  Several thousand of the soldiers who trained at Camp Ritchie were Jewish refugees who had immigrated to the United States to escape Nazi persecution.   

    US Army unit at Camp Ritchie
  • Two US soldiers cross the Rhine River

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    Two American soldiers cross the Rhine River into Germany on March 29, 1945. In the foreground is Jack Caminer, who emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1938. After he was drafted into the US Army, Caminer was sent to Camp Ritchie to prepare for intelligence work. Caminer participated in the liberation of Ohrdruf.  

    Tags: Rhine US Army
    Two US soldiers cross the Rhine River
  • SS men guard Soviet POWs near the Babyn Yar killing site

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    SS men guard Soviet prisoners of war doing forced labor near the Babyn Yar killing site. The photograph was taken within days of the mass murder of over 33,000 Jews on September 29-30, 1941. Kyiv (Kiev), German-occupied Soviet Union, after September 30, 1941.

    SS men guard Soviet POWs near the Babyn Yar killing site
  • An SS guard speaks with local Ukrainian women while Soviet POWs perform forced labor nearby

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    An SS guard speaks with local Ukrainian women while Soviet prisoners of war carry out forced labor. A German Propaganda Company photographer took this image shortly after the SS murdered over 33,000 Jews on September 29-30,1941 at the nearby Babyn Yar killing site. Kyiv (Kiev), German-occupied Soviet Union, after September 30, 1941.

    An SS guard speaks with local Ukrainian women while Soviet POWs perform forced labor nearby
  • Belongings of a Jewish family murdered at Babyn Yar

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    Belongings of a Jewish family murdered by an SS mobile killing squad at Babyn Yar. On September 29-30, 1941, the SS killed more than 33,000 Jews from Kyiv (Kiev). A German Propaganda Company photographer took this image within days of the massacre. Kyiv, German-occupied Soviet Union, after September 30, 1941.

    Belongings of a Jewish family murdered at Babyn Yar
  • Belongings of Jews murdered at Babyn Yar

    Photo

    The SS ordered Jews to undress prior to the mass shootings at the nearby Babyn Yar killing site. In two days, September 29-30, 1941, they shot more than 33,000 Jews from Kyiv (Kiev). This photograph, taken by a member of a German Propaganda Company, shows just some of the belongings of these victims. Kyiv, German-occupied Soviet Union, After September 30, 1941. 

    Belongings of Jews murdered at Babyn Yar

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