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Destroyed Jewish cemetery in Salonika

View of the destroyed Jewish cemetery in German-occupied Salonika. The tombstones would be used as building materials. Salonika, Greece, after December 6, 1942.

Preparing food in Theresienstadt

Preparation of food outside a barracks in Theresienstadt. Photograph taken after liberation. Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, June–August 1945. 

Women prisoners in Theresienstadt

Women prisoners lie on thin mattresses on the floor of a barracks in the women's camp in the Theresienstadt ghetto. Czechoslovakia, between 1941 and 1945.

Jewish prisoners being marched to Theresienstadt

A transport of Jewish prisoners forced to march through the snow from the Bauschovitz train station to Theresienstadt. Czechoslovakia, 1942.

Children's painting showing Jews celebrating Hannukah

Children's painting showing of Jews celebrating Hannukah. This painting, which was probably drawn by either Michael or Marietta Grunbaum, was made in Theresienstadt and then pasted into a scrapbook by their mother shortly after liberation. Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, ca. 1943.

Deportation from Szeged

Jewish residents of the Szeged ghetto assemble for deportation. Szeged, Hungary, June 1944.

Jehovah's Witness Karl-Heinz Kusserow

Karl-Heinz Kusserow, a Jehovah's witness who was imprisoned by the Nazis because of his beliefs. He was a prisoner in the Dachau and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germany.

Arthur Seyss-Inquart

Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart. After the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940, a civil administration was installed under SS auspices. Seyss-Inquart was appointed Reich Commissar.

German troops arrive in Norway

German troops arriving in Norway by ship prepare for landing during the German invasion of Norway. May 3, 1940.

German troops entering Norway

German troops disembarking from a troop transport during the German invasion of Norway. May 3, 1940.

German troops invade Yugoslavia

German troops during the invasion of Yugoslavia, which began on April 6, 1941.

German forces enter Aachen

German forces enter Aachen, on the border with Belgium, following the remilitarization of the Rhineland. Aachen, Germany, March 18, 1936.

Pro-Hitler propaganda in Vienna

A streetcar decorated with swastikas passes billboards displaying Hitler's face. The billboards urge Austrians to vote "Ja" (Yes) in the upcoming plebiscite on the German annexation of Austria. Vienna, Austria, April 1938.

Hitler addresses German troopsin Eger

Hitler addresses German troops at the market square in Eger, during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region. October 3, 1938.

German tanks entering Czechoslovakia

German tanks cross the Czech border, in violation of the 1938 Munich agreement. Pohorelice, Czechoslovakia, March 15, 1939.

German troops in Prague

German occupation troops march through the streets of Prague. Czechoslovakia, March 15, 1939.

Hitler enters Memel

Hitler enters Memel following the German annexation of Memel from Lithuania. The banner states that "This land will remain forever German." Memel, March 1939.

Italy, camps for displaced persons

Jewish "illegal" immigration, 1945-1947

Jewish immigration to Israel, 1948-1950

European Jewish population distribution, ca. 1950

Mauthausen environs, April 1945

A map of the Mauthausen concentration camp environs in April 1945.

Mauthausen concentration camp, April 1945

A map of the Mauthausen concentration camp in April 1945.

Lodz - Photographs

German troops occupied Lodz one week after Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. In February 1940, the Germans established a ghetto there, first confining 160,000 Jews into a small area and later deporting Jews and Roma (Gypsies) there as w...

Sobibor - ID Cards/Oral Histories

The Sobibor killing center in German-occupied Poland was one of four camps linked to Operation Reinhard. At least 170,000 people were murdered at Sobibor. On October 14, 1943, the camp's Jewish prisoners launched an uprising. After the revolt, Sob...

Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps - Photograph

The SS created a system of marking prisoners in concentration camps. Color-coded badges were sewn onto uniforms and identified the reason for a person's imprisonment. This system began in 1937–1938 and had some variat...

Who Tried the Case? - Photograph

How Were the Crimes Defined? - Artifact/Document

How to Prosecute Unprecedented Crimes? - Photograph

How to Prosecute Unprecedented Crimes? - Artifact/Document

Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp - Photographs

From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Located in Germany, Feldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp.

Lodz - Animated Maps/Maps

German troops occupied Lodz one week after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. In early 1940, the Germans established a ghetto in a small area in the northeast section of the city. 

Minsk - Photographs

German authorities established a ghetto in Minsk in July 1941, shortly after German forces occupied the city. About 80,000 Jews were initially crowded into the ghetto, with 24,000 more people deported there later that year. In August 1941, the Germans began mass killing operations against the residents of the ghetto.

Minsk - ID Cards

The Minsk ghetto was established in July 1941 shortly after German forces occupied the city. These personal histories describe the experiences of Jewish men, women, and children who were forced into the Minsk ghetto.

Sobibor - Maps

The Sobibor killing center in German-occupied Poland was one of four camps linked to Operation Reinhard. On October 14, 1943, Jewish prisoners in the camp launched an uprising. After the revolt, Sobibor was dismantled. At least 170,000 people were...

Treblinka - Photographs

The Treblinka killing center opened in July 1942 and was dismantled in September 1943. An estimated 925,000 Jews, as well as an unknown number of Poles, Roma, and Soviet POWs, were murdered there.

Ravensbrück - Maps

The Ravensbrück concentration camp was the largest concentration camp for women in the German Reich.

Natzweiler-Struthof - Maps

Located in eastern France, the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp was one of the smaller camps built by the Germans. From May 1941 to March 1945, between 19,000 and 20,000 people were murdered in the Natzweiler-Struthof camp system.

German American Bund - Photographs

The German-American Bund was an antisemitic, pro-Nazi group for Americans of German descent.

Displaced children in Kloster Indersdorf

Oneg Shabbat archive

The Oneg Shabbat underground archive was the secret archive of the Warsaw ghetto. 

Minsk - Maps

German authorities established a ghetto in Minsk in July 1941, shortly after German forces occupied the city. About 80,000 Jews were initially crowded into the ghetto, with 24,000 more people deported there later that year. In August 1941, the Germans began mass killing operations against the residents of the ghetto.

Ruth Gabriele Silten

Gabriele was the only child of Jewish parents living in the German capital of Berlin. Her grandfather owned a pharmacy and a pharmaceuticals factory, where Gabriele's father also made his living. 1933-39: In 1938 the Nazis forced Ruth's grandfather to sell his factory and pharmacy for very little money to an "Aryan" German. After that, her father decided they should move to Amsterdam where it was safer for Jews. She was 5 years old and wanted to stay in Berlin. She didn't understand why she had to leave…

Wolf Himmelfarb

Wolf was the eldest of three children born to Yiddish-speaking, religious Jewish parents in Koprzewnica, a small town in southern Poland. His father ran a grocery store, where his mother would help out on Thursdays. The store was located in the house of Wolf's grandmother, and Wolf, his brother, Izik, and sister, Chana, would play in a large yard in the back. 1933-39: Wolf started attending school a year late, at 8, so that he and his younger brother could share the same books. In the third grade, Jewish…

Genya Rotenberg

Genya and her brother, Nahum, were raised by Jewish parents in Lodz, Poland's second-largest city and an industrial center. Before the war, one-third of Lodz's inhabitants were Jewish. Genya's parents placed emphasis on their children's education. 1933-39: In 1939, when Genya was 9, the Germans occupied Lodz. After that, it was forbidden for "Jews, Gypsies and dogs" to be in public places. Since Jews weren't allowed to go to school, her parents arranged to tutor her secretly at home, but she couldn't keep…

Odon Jerzy Wos

Odon was the third of four children born to Roman Catholic parents in Warsaw, Poland's capital. His father had worked for the Polish merchant marine before starting his own textile business in 1930. When Odon was 8, the family moved to a comfortable apartment located near the Royal Castle and Vistula River. In 1932 Odon began attending grade school. 1933-39: In September 1938 Odon began secondary school. Sensing growing danger from Germany, his father advised him to study German in addition to French. On…

Renate Guttmann

Renate, her twin brother, Rene, and their German-Jewish parents lived in Prague. Shortly before the twins were born, Renate's parents had fled Dresden, Germany, to escape the Nazi government's policies against Jews. Before leaving Germany to live in Czechoslovakia, Renate's father, Herbert, worked in the import-export business. Her mother, Ita, was an accountant. 1933-39: Renate's family lived in a six-story apartment building along the #22 trolley line in Prague. A long, steep flight of stairs led up to…

Jan-Peter Pfeffer

Jan-Peter's father, Heinz, was a German-Jewish refugee who married Henriette De Leeuw, a Dutch-Jewish woman. Frightened by the Nazi dictatorship and the murder of Heinz's uncle in a concentration camp, they immigrated to the Netherlands when Henriette was nine months pregnant. They settled in Amsterdam. 1933-39: Jan-Peter was born soon after his parents arrived in the Netherlands. He was 18 months old when Tommy, his baby brother, was born. In 1939 the parents and brother of Jan-Peter's father joined them…

Rene Guttmann

Rene, his twin sister, Renate, and their German-Jewish parents lived in Prague. Shortly before the twins were born, Rene's parents had fled Dresden, Germany, to escape the Nazi government's policies against Jews. Before leaving Germany to live in Czechoslovakia, Rene's father, Herbert, had worked in the import-export business. His mother, Ita, was an accountant. 1933-39: Rene's family lived in a six-story apartment building along the #22 trolley line in Prague. A long, steep flight of stairs led up to…

Chaia Gurvitz

From a Jewish family, Chaia lived outside Kovno, a city with a large Jewish population that was renowned for its Hebrew school system. Chaia ran a grocery store with her husband, a retired shoemaker, and their daughter Yenta. 1933-39:  Chaia is expecting her daughter Feiga, Feiga's husband, Josef, and her grandson, Abraham, for dinner. Feiga works so hard all week in her beauty shop, Chaia is glad she can help out by preparing the big Sunday meal. She has baked a special cake for Abe. Chaia hopes the…