![Major Nazi camps in Europe, January 1944 [LCID: eur72160]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/db2e26ad-3a0a-4946-9ce2-70e513ed39d5.gif "Major Nazi camps in Europe, January 1944 [LCID: eur72160]")
Throughout German-occupied Europe, the Germans arrested those who resisted their domination and those they judged to be racially inferior or politically unacceptable. People arrested for resisting German rule were mostly sent to forced-labor or concentration camps. The Germans deported Jews from all over occupied Europe to extermination camps in Poland, where they were systematically killed, and also to concentration camps, where they were used for forced labor. Transit camps such as Westerbork, Gurs, Mechelen, and Drancy in western Europe and concentration camps like Bolzano and Fossoli di Carpi in Italy were used as collection centers for Jews, who were then deported by rail to the extermination camps. According to SS reports, there were more than 700,000 prisoners registered in the concentration camps in January 1945.
Item View![Major Nazi camps in Greater Germany, 1944 [LCID: gge72050]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/e2090857-ff94-4d49-babf-1c7c82f2a849.gif "Major Nazi camps in Greater Germany, 1944 [LCID: gge72050]")
The Nazi camp system expanded rapidly after the beginning of World War II in September 1939, as forced labor became important in war production. Labor shortages in the German war economy became critical after German defeat in the battle of Stalingrad in 1942-1943. This led to the increased use of concentration camp prisoners as forced laborers in German armaments industries. Especially in 1943 and 1944, hundreds of subcamps were established in or near industrial plants. Subcamps were generally smaller camps administered by the main camps, which supplied them with the required number of prisoners. Camps such as Auschwitz in Poland, Buchenwald in central Germany, Gross-Rosen in eastern Germany, Natzweiler-Struthof in eastern France, Ravensbrueck near Berlin, and Stutthof near Danzig on the Baltic coast became administrative centers of huge networks of subsidiary forced-labor camps.
Item View![Nazi camps in occupied Poland, 1939-1945 [LCID: pol72110]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/3482f20c-51c9-4b2e-ab6a-39a202c52f6c.gif "Nazi camps in occupied Poland, 1939-1945 [LCID: pol72110]")
![Major Nazi camps in Austria [LCID: aus72030]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/8bc085e3-d362-486c-9d54-995496ddca25.gif "Major Nazi camps in Austria [LCID: aus72030]")
![Nazi camps in the Baltic Countries, 1941-1945 [LCID: bal22030]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/26c3ad97-cea3-432e-aa69-9198852a37f3.gif "Nazi camps in the Baltic Countries, 1941-1945 [LCID: bal22030]")
![Nazi camps in the Low Countries, 1940-1945 [LCID: ben72030]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/5a5c7599-f8a0-4943-9e16-ca156f520f93.gif "Nazi camps in the Low Countries, 1940-1945 [LCID: ben72030]")
![Major Nazi and Axis camps in southern Europe [LCID: eur62840]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/927890fa-feac-497a-a7ff-a445e4567ca9.gif "Major Nazi and Axis camps in southern Europe [LCID: eur62840]")
![Camps in France, 1944 [LCID: fra72050]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/00ec67c6-def3-4941-8a58-de816d3a2cb7.gif "Camps in France, 1944 [LCID: fra72050]")
The Dachau concentration camp was established in 1933 and operated continuously until the end of the war in 1945. It was the first concentration camp of the Nazi regime and it is estimated that at least 188,000 prisoners were incarcerated there between 1933 and 1945.
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