During World War II, the Germans established ghettos where Jews were forced to live in miserable conditions. In October 1940, a ghetto was established in Warsaw, Poland. Before the war, Warsaw had the largest Jewish community in Europe. At its height, the Warsaw ghetto held more than 400,000 Jews.
![Poland 1933, Warsaw indicated [LCID: waz79080]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/994ae251-2965-4f0a-ab35-9c5fb7c95f1b.gif "Poland 1933, Warsaw indicated [LCID: waz79080]")
![Warsaw environs, 1940 [LCID: waz44030]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/37a84e0b-abaf-492c-a9c2-cd6defcc9bd5.gif "Warsaw environs, 1940 [LCID: waz44030]")
![Warsaw ghetto, 1940 [LCID: waz54043]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/a0c89c3e-6041-454f-bab6-9ba513fa4e9e.gif "Warsaw ghetto, 1940 [LCID: waz54043]")
![Deportations to Warsaw ghetto, 1941-1942 [LCID: waz78040]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/56b0a90f-e1f1-4fbc-9def-3906d3bcd22e.gif "Deportations to Warsaw ghetto, 1941-1942 [LCID: waz78040]")
![Deportations from Warsaw ghetto, 1942 [LCID: waz54053]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/1229723e-59b3-4054-adaf-6605de9f1e49.gif "Deportations from Warsaw ghetto, 1942 [LCID: waz54053]")
![Warsaw ghetto uprising, 1943 [LCID: waz54063]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/e13f8768-66cc-4593-ae90-6674fcb7a55b.gif "Warsaw ghetto uprising, 1943 [LCID: waz54063]")
The city of Warsaw is the capital of Poland. Before World War II, Warsaw was the center of Jewish life and culture in Poland. Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city's total population. The Warsaw Jewish community was the largest in both Poland and Europe, and was the second largest in the world, behind that of New York City. The Germans occupied Warsaw on September 29, 1939. In October 1940, the Germans ordered the establishment of a ghetto in Warsaw. All Jewish residents were ordered into the designated area, which was sealed off from the rest of the city in November 1940. The ghetto was enclosed by a wall that was over 10 feet high, topped with barbed wire, and closely guarded to prevent movement between the ghetto and the rest of Warsaw.
Item ViewBefore World War II, Warsaw was a center of Jewish life and culture in Poland. During the war, the Nazis established ghettos where they forced Jews to live under crowded and miserable conditions. At its height, the ghetto in Warsaw—the largest in Europe—held over 400,000 Jews engaged in a constant struggle for survival.
Item View
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![German soldiers direct artillery against a pocket of resistance during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. [LCID: 34083b]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/8ffe37b4-0b4f-4966-9e03-838766fb9e89.jpg)