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Siegfried Graetschus (right) and an unidentified man stand in front of Grafeneck, the first killing center established under Aktion T4 (the Nazi Euthanasia Program). Before joining the T4 program, Graetschus worked at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Photo dated early 1940.
Johann Niemann (left) and an unidentified man walk on the snow covered driveway to Grafeneck Castle in early 1940. Niemann worked as a stoker at Grafeneck, cremating victims' corpses in the crematoria. He later became the deputy commander of the Sobibor killing center.
A family stands outside of their wagon while interned in a Zigeunerlager ("Gypsy camp"). In the background, children are crowded around Eva Justin. Justin worked for the Center for Research on Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology. Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, 1938. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called…
Adolf Hitler tasked Philipp Bouhler, the director of his private office, and Karl Brandt with co-leading the “euthanasia” program.
SS troops lead a group of Poles into the forest near Witaniow for execution. Witaniow, Poland, October–November 1939.
Execution of Polish prisoners of war near Ciepielow in September 1939. Some of the 300 Polish POWs who were executed here by firing squad are visible. In the background is a Wehrmacht soldier who participated. Ciepielow, Radom, Poland, September 1939.
The execution of Poles in the Barbarka Forest by members of the Selbstschutz (ethnic German self-defense organization). An SS officer can be seen standing in the background. Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland, October 1939.
The execution of Polish civilians by the Selbstschutz (ethnic German self-defense organization) and SS in the forest near Tuchola. Bydgoszcz, October 27, 1939.
An SD officer reads a list of charges against a group of Polish civilians just before their execution in the forest near Szubin. A German soldier can be seen in the left background and a woman is included in the number of those to be shot. According to the Main Crimes Commission, one of the officers involved is SS Major Ernst Tiedemann. Szubin (Bydgoszcz), Poland, October 21, 1939.
Polish civilians under SS and Selbstschutz (ethnic German self-defense organization) guard are forced to dig a mass grave prior to their execution in the forest near Tuchola. Tuchola Forest, Bydgoszcz, Poland, October 27, 1939.
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