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  • Fire Oaths

    Article

    “Fire Oaths” were statements that declared why the works of certain authors were thrown into the flames during the 1933 burning of books under the Nazi regime.

    Fire Oaths
  • Jewish Uprisings in Camps

    Article

    Learn more about Jewish prisoners and the various uprisings and armed resistance movements in killing centers and other Nazi camps.

    Jewish Uprisings in Camps
  • Translation in the Courtroom

    Article

    The Nuremberg trials were an early experiment in simultaneous translation. Learn about the principles and technology involved in translating the trial proceedings.

    Translation in the Courtroom
  • Mira Shelub

    Article

    Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Mira Shelub.

    Mira Shelub
  • Erich Kästner

    Article

    Erich Kästner was a popular political satirist and left-liberal author whose works were burned under the Nazi regime in 1933. Learn more.

  • Kurt Tucholsky

    Article

    Kurt Tucholsky was a German satirist who criticized the Nazis during their rise to power. In 1933, his works were burned under the Nazi regime. Learn more.

  • Max Brod

    Article

    Max Brod was a Jewish author most widely known as the biographer and editor of Franz Kafka. His works were burned in the Nazi book burnings of 1933. Learn more.

    Max Brod
  • Page from the Stroop Report

    Photo

    A page from SS officer Juergen Stroop's report on the Warsaw ghetto uprising. He wrote: "This is what the former Jewish residential quarter looks like after its destruction." Warsaw, Poland, April-May, 1943.

    Page from the Stroop Report
  • Refugees leave Warsaw

    Photo

    Civilians flee Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland. Hundreds of thousands of both Jewish refugees and non-Jewish refugees fled the advancing German army into eastern Poland, hoping that the Polish army would halt the German advance in the west. Many of the refugees fled without a specific destination in mind. They traveled on foot or by any available transport—cars, bicycles, carts, or trucks—clogging roads to the east. Most took only what they could carry.

    Refugees leave Warsaw
  • Deadly Medicine

    Series

    From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany carried out a campaign to "cleanse" German society of individuals viewed as biological threats to the nation's "health." Learn more

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