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Learn about the establishment of and conditions in Melk, a subcamp of the Mauthausen camp system in Austria.
Auschwitz was the largest camp established by the Germans. It was a complex of camps, including a concentration camp, killing center, and forced-labor camp.
The Columbia-Haus camp was one of the early camps established by the Nazi regime. It held primarily political detainees. Learn more about the history of the camp.
Selected Features 1. Camp Commandant's House 2. Main Guard House 3. Camp Administrative Office 4. Gestapo 5. Reception Building/Prisoner Registration 6. Kitchen 7. Gas Chamber and Crematorium 8. Storage Buildings and Workshops 9. Storage of Confiscated Belongings 10. Gravel Pit: Execution Site 11. Camp Orchestra Site 12. "Black Wall" Execution Site 13. Block 11: Punishment Bunker 14. Block 10: Medical Experiments 15. Gallows 16. Block Commander's Barracks 17. SS Hospital
The Law on the Head of State of the German Reich was the last step in destroying democracy in interwar Germany and making Adolf Hitler a dictator. Learn more.
A French army ambulance during World War I. This photograph was taken ca. 1914–1915.
Refugees in the Gare de Lyon in Paris during World War I. Paris, France, photograph taken ca. 1914–15.
Ruins of the library in Louvain, destroyed during World War I. Louvain, Belgium, ca. 1914–1915
German soldiers in the Argonne Forest, France, during World War I. Photograph taken ca. 1914–1915.
This 1919 photograph shows destruction in the leading business thoroughfare of Rheims after bombardment during World War I. Rheims, France, 1919.
Pictured from left to right: Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and General Erich Ludendorff study maps during World War I. January 1917.
A crowd in front of the Berlin Cathedral (Berliner Dom) cheers the declaration of World War I. Berlin, Germany, August 1914. Many enthusiastically believed that World War I would be over quickly. Instead, the war became a stalemate of costly battles and trench warfare. It lasted for years and was the first great international conflict of the twentieth century. The impact of the conflict and its divisive peace would reverberate in the decades following.
British troops at the site of a former German trench following the withdrawal of German troops to the Hindenburg line on the western front in World War I. This photograph shows a trench bridge over a German trench. Gommecourt, France, 1917.
British troops in a trench cover the bodies of two fellow soldiers killed during the Battle of the Somme, November 1916. © IWM (Q 4393)
November 11, 1918. On this date, a negotiated ceasefire ends the fighting of World War I when it goes into effect at 11am.
View of the kitchen barracks, the electrified fence, and the gate at the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz I). In the foreground is the sign "Arbeit Macht Frei." This photograph was taken after the liberation of the camp by Soviet forces. Auschwitz, Poland, 1945.
The trauma of WWI would profoundly shape the attitudes and actions of both leaders and ordinary people during the Holocaust. Learn more about the war and its aftermath.
The Black Wall, between Block 10 (left) and Block 11 (right) in the Auschwitz concentration camp, where executions of inmates took place. Poland, date unknown.
Surrounded by destruction, US soldiers of the 23rd Infantry fire a gun during World War I, 1918.
A US army field hospital inside the ruins of a church in France during World War I. France, 1918
Scene of destruction during World War I: panoramic view of the battlefield at Guillemont, September 1916, during the Battle of the Somme. © IWM (Q 1281)
Communist ideas spread rapidly in Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries, offering an alternative to both capitalism and far-right fascism and setting the stage for a political conflict with global repercussions.
Fascism is a far-right authoritarian political philosophy. Learn about the history and principles of fascism and its implementation in Nazi Germany.
Carl von Ossietzky was a German journalist, pacifist, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate whose articles were burned under the Nazi regime in 1933. Learn more.
The National Socialist German Worker’s Party, also known as the Nazi Party, was the far-right racist and antisemitic political party led by Adolf Hitler.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.