The Treblinka killing center was one of four camps linked to Operation Reinhard. Known as Treblinka II, it opened in July 1942 about a mile from Treblinka I, the labor camp. The Germans killed an estimated 925,000 Jews at Treblinka II, as well as an unknown number of Poles, Roma, and Soviet POWs.
![European rail system, 1939 [LCID: eur69090]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/04107927-96a0-4030-815b-18d6919b9dba.gif "European rail system, 1939 [LCID: eur69090]")
The European rail network played a crucial role in the implementation of the Final Solution. Jews from Germany and German-occupied Europe were deported by rail to killing centers in occupied Poland, where they were killed. The Germans attempted to disguise their intentions, referring to deportations as "resettlement to the east." The victims were told they were to be taken to labor camps, but in reality, from 1942 onward, deportation meant transit to killing centers for most Jews. Deportations on this scale required the coordination of numerous German government ministries, including the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the Transport Ministry, and the Foreign Office. The RSHA coordinated and directed the deportations; the Transport Ministry organized train schedules; and the Foreign Office negotiated with German-allied states to hand over their Jews.
Item View![Killing centers in occupied Poland, 1942 [LCID: pol72090]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/467bd15d-d804-4915-bf66-acca71f40778.gif "Killing centers in occupied Poland, 1942 [LCID: pol72090]")
Killing centers (also referred to as "extermination camps" or "death camps") were designed to carry out genocide. Between 1941 and 1945, the Nazis established five killing centers in German-occupied Poland—Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz-Birkenau (part of the Auschwitz camp complex). Chelmno and Auschwitz were established in areas annexed to Germany in 1939. The other camps (Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka) were established in the General Government (an administrative unit of occupied Poland). Auschwitz functioned as concentration and forced-labor camps, as well as a killing center. The overwhelming majority of the victims of the killing centers were Jews. An estimated 2.7 million Jews were killed in these five killing centers as part of the Final Solution. Other victims murdered in the killing centers included Roma (Gypsies) and Soviet prisoners of war.
On this map, the Majdanek camp is labeled as a killing center. In the past, many scholars counted the Majdanek camp (located just outside the city of Lublin) as a sixth killing center. However, based on newer research, Lublin-Majdanek is usually classified as a concentration camp. According to this research, German authorities used Majdanek primarily as a place to concentrate Jews who were being temporarily spared for use as forced laborers. Occasionally, especially after Belzec ceased operating in late 1942, Jews were sent to Majdanek as part of Operation Reinhard to undergo selection. Jews selected as unfit for labor were murdered at Lublin-Majdanek either by shooting or in the camp's gas chambers.
Item View![German administration of Europe, 1942 [LCID: eur66060]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/c218682b-a43a-4136-92df-e980f2929493.gif "German administration of Europe, 1942 [LCID: eur66060]")
In 1942, Germany dominated most of Europe. Greater Germany had been enlarged at the expense of its neighbors. Austria and Luxembourg were completely incorporated. Territories from Czechoslovakia, Poland, France, Belgium, and the Baltic states were seized by Greater Germany. German military forces occupied Norway, Denmark, Belgium, northern France, Serbia, parts of northern Greece, and vast tracts of territory in eastern Europe. Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Finland, Croatia, and Vichy France were all either allied to Germany or subject to heavy German influence. Between 1942 and 1944, German military forces extended the area under their occupation to southern France, central and northern Italy, Slovakia, and Hungary.
Item View![Killing centers in occupied Poland, Treblinka indicated [LCID: tre72050]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/765538fc-227c-4536-b353-21fbb85178b5.gif "Killing centers in occupied Poland, Treblinka indicated [LCID: tre72050]")
![Aktion Reinhard in the Generalgouvernement, 1942 [LCID: gen73024]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/0e328210-ee34-4e56-9efe-61249695c4fd.gif "Aktion Reinhard in the Generalgouvernement, 1942 [LCID: gen73024]")
![Treblinka environs, spring 1943 [LCID: tre42060]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/7a2eaaf1-14db-4d76-b184-e35fe1df9160.gif "Treblinka environs, spring 1943 [LCID: tre42060]")
![Treblinka camp, spring 1943 [LCID: tre22010]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/6ed18032-9f8d-423f-983d-1d599523702b.gif "Treblinka camp, spring 1943 [LCID: tre22010]")
![Jewish armed resistance in ghettos and camps, 1941-1944 [LCID: pol75480]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/6168badd-2e90-4bb1-adce-418c1740d70f.gif "Jewish armed resistance in ghettos and camps, 1941-1944 [LCID: pol75480]")
Between 1941 and 1943, underground resistance movements developed in about 100 Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe. Their main goals were to organize uprisings, break out of the ghettos, and join partisan units in the fight against the Germans. The Jews knew that uprisings would not stop the Germans and that only a handful of fighters would succeed in escaping to join with partisans. Still, Jews made the decision to resist. Further, under the most adverse conditions, Jewish prisoners succeeded in initiating resistance and uprisings in some Nazi concentration camps, and even in the killing centers of Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz. Other camp uprisings took place in camps such as Kruszyna (1942), Minsk Mazowiecki (1943), and Janowska (1943). In several dozen camps, prisoners organized escapes to join partisan units.
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![Train station near the Treblinka killing center. This photo was found in an album belonging to camp commandant Kurt Franz. [LCID: 35274]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/6650591e-240b-44bd-8cf7-774c8c400c9b.jpg)