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Portrait of the family of Bohor Kalderon.

Tower of Sephardic faces: The Jewish community of Monastir, Macedonia

March 11, 2018, marked the 75th anniversary of the World War II deportation of the Sephardic Jewish community of Monastir, historically the largest Jewish community in Macedonia. The Jews who trace their ancestry to the Macedonian city known since 1913 as Bitola continue to call the city by the name it bore during centuries of Ottoman rule: Monastir.

Between 1941 and 1944, Bulgaria, in alliance with Nazi Germany, occupied the Yugoslav province of Macedonia. On March 11, 1943, in cooperation with the Germans, Bulgarian military and police officials rounded up 3,276 of Monastir's Jewish men, women, and children, deported them to German-controlled territory and turned them over to the custody of German officials. The Germans transported the Jewish population of Monastir and environs to their deaths in Treblinka as part of their plan to murder all European Jews.

Jewish Community of Monastir: Photographs for Registration

These individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, were used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

The Sephardic Jewish community of Monastir, historically the largest Jewish community in Macedonia. The Jews who trace their ancestry to the Macedonian city known since 1913 as Bitola continue to call the city by the name it bore during centuries of Ottoman rule: Monastir.

  • Portrait of David Aruti, son of Isak Aruti

    Portrait of David Aruti, son of Isak Aruti. He was a merchant and lived at Zvornitska 26 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Victoria and Isak Assael

    Portrait of Victoria and Isak Assael, the daughter and son of Shabetai Assael. They were students and lived at Sremska 9 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

     

  • Portrait of Hana Ergas

    Portrait of Hana Ergas, wife of Isak Ergas. She lived at Zmayeva 20 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Buena Eschkenasi

    Portrait of Buena Eschkenasi, daughter of Bohor Eschkenasi. She lived at Zmayeva 10 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Yosef Eschkenasi and his wife, Sara

    Portrait of Yosef Eschkenasi and his wife, Sara. Yosef was a laborer. They lived at Zmayeva 10 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Ester Eschkenasi

    Portrait of Ester Eschkenasi, wife of Sava Eschkenasi. She lived at Karagoryeva 91 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Sara Israel

    Portrait of Sara Israel, wife of Isak Israel. She lived at Krstitsa 10 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Lazar Ischach

    Portrait of Lazar Ischach, son of Yosef Ischach. He was a grocer and lived at Drinska 77 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Sara Ischach

    Portrait of Sara Ischach, wife of Lazar Ischach. She lived at Drinksa 77 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Solomon Kalderon

    Portrait of Solomon Kalderon, son of Bohor Kalderon. He was a tailor and lived at Karagoryeva 67 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Vida Kalderon

    Portrait of Vida Kalderon, wife of Yakov Kalderon. She lived at Orisarska 2 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Palomba Kalderon

    Portrait of Palomba Kalderon, daughter of Mushon Kalderon. She was a student and lived at Dalmatinska 65 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of David Kamchi and his wife Sara

    Portrait of David Kamchi, son of Masliach Kamchi, and his wife Sara. They lived at Gostivarska 3 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of David Pesso

    Portrait of David Pesso. He was a dealer of second-hand items. He lived at Novatska 4 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Estreya Kolonomos

    Portrait of Estreya Kolonomos, wife of Isak Kolonomos. She lived at Novatska 23 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of an unidentified family in Bitola

    Portrait of an unidentified family of eight adults and three children in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Mordechai Mishulam

    Portrait of Mordechai Mishulam. He was a dealer of second-hand items. He lived at Zmayeva 23 in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Leon Pardo

    Portrait of Leon Pardo. He lived on Sremska in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of the family of Bohor Kalderon

    Portrait of the family of Bohor Kalderon.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Yakov Testa with his wife and three children

    Portrait of Yakov Testa with wife and three children in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of two schoolchildren, Solomon Faradji and Sami Levi

    Portrait of two schoolchildren: Solomon Faradji, son of Avram Faradji, and Sami Levi, son of Rafael Levi. Solomon lived at Karagoryeva 113, and Sami lived at Karagoryeva 105, in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

  • Portrait of Rabbi S. Djain

    Portrait of Rabbi S. Djain, taken in Bitola.

    This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.

Photographs of nearly every Jewish adult in Monastir, more than half the community, were collected by the Bulgarian authorities in the first half of 1942. These photographs have been preserved and identified and are available in the Photo Archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Though many of the Jewish inhabitants of eastern Europe were required to submit photographs for purposes of police registration, work permits, and ration cards both inside and outside ghettos established by Germany or its Axis allies, few of these photograph collections survived the war intact. The Monastir registration photographs constitute one of these rare collections. Because they have been carefully identified (probably by Jakov Aroesti, one of the few survivors from Monastir, in the late 1950s), they are an extremely valuable historical and genealogical resource.

The Monastir photographs offer a uniquely comprehensive view of a Jewish community on the eve of its destruction, reflecting the evolution and demise of Sephardic communities throughout the Balkans.

Origins of the Collection

The origins of the Monastir photograph collection lay in the directive given by the Bulgarian occupation authorities in early 1942 to the Jews of Monastir, then recently concentrated in a ghetto, to submit photographs of all family members above the age of 13. While some of the submitted photos were newly taken for this purpose, others were older family snapshots dating from the 1890s to the early 1940s. Most of the photographs are head shots of individual adults, but some are group portraits of two, three, or more family members.

Apparently, these photographs were reproduced by the Bulgarian authorities. One complete set now exists at the Macedonian State Archives, captioned in the 1950s. Another set was cut and pasted into police register books produced by the Bulgarian authorities in 1942. These police registers were recovered after the war and turned over to the Union of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia. Years later they were donated to Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, but not before a large percentage of the photos were removed by survivors.

Arrival of the collection at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The Monastir registration photographs were discovered by researchers in the USHMM's International Archival Programs Division (IAPD) in 1996 while surveying Holocaust-related collections in Macedonia. The State Archives of Macedonia graciously granted the IAPD's request to rephotograph the collection for the Museum's Photo Archives, whose mission it is to bring together in a central location copies of important Holocaust related images from public and private sources. The negatives arrived in 1997 along with microfilms of the Serbo-Croatian captions written on the backs of the photos.

In the spring of 2001 these captions were translated by Isaac Nehama, a survivor volunteer (originally from Athens) whose parents both grew up in Monastir. Mr. Nehama further correlated the captioning information with both the Yad Vashem Bulgarian police registers and the published “Register of Deportees” in The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941-1945) by Z. Kolonomos and V. Vangeli. Additional contextual information about the Jewish community of Monastir was obtained from Mark Cohen, author of Last Century of a Sephardic Community: The Jews of Monastir, 1839-1943 (Foundation for Sephardic Studies, New York, NY).

Credits

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum acknowledges the gracious assistance of the following archives and sources.

Text
Mark Cohen, author of Last Century of a Sephardic Community: The Jews of Monastir, 1839-1943 (Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture, New York, NY).

Photographs
State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia

Author(s): United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

Critical Thinking Questions

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