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View of the entrance to a marketplace reduced to rubble as a result of a German aerial attack. Warsaw, Poland, September 1939.
An underground bunker, built by Jews in Warsaw in preparation for anti-Nazi resistance. This photograph shows cooking facilities in a bunker. Jews hid in bunkers while the Germans systematically destroyed the ghetto during the uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19–May 16, 1943.
Adolf Berman speaks at a memorial service commemorating the Warsaw ghetto uprising. The building in the background, destroyed during the 1943 uprising, held the office of the Jewish council. Warsaw, Poland, 1945. During the German occupation, Berman was active in the Jewish underground and played a leadership role in the Council for Aid to Jews, known as Zegota.
Soldiers from the Kiliński Battalion of the Polish Home Army take a German prisoner during the Warsaw Polish uprising. August 20, 1944.
An assembly point (the Umschlagplatz) in the Warsaw ghetto for Jews rounded up for deportation. Warsaw, Poland, 1942–43.
Civilians flee Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland. Hundreds of thousands of both Jewish refugees and non-Jewish refugees fled the advancing German army into eastern Poland, hoping that the Polish army would halt the German advance in the west. Many of the refugees fled without a specific destination in mind. They traveled on foot or by any available transport—cars, bicycles, carts, or trucks—clogging roads to the east. Most took only what they could carry.
A view of the wall surrounding the ruins of the Warsaw ghetto in German-occupied Poland a few months after the ghetto's destruction. Photograph taken ca. June-October 1943.
April 19, 1943. On this date, the Warsaw ghetto uprising began, the largest uprising by Jews during WWII and the first significant urban revolt against German occupation in Europe.
August 1, 1944. On this date, the Warsaw uprising began with the Polish Home Army rising against the Nazis in an attempt to liberate Warsaw.
November 15, 1940. On this date, German authorities ordered the Warsaw ghetto to be sealed.
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