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An illustration in the North-China Daily News following the arrival of a group of Jewish refugees in Shanghai, in Japanese-occupied China. August 24, 1941. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
Today, a body of international criminal law exists to prosecute perpetrators of mass atrocities. Learn about principles and precedents from the Nuremberg Charter and the IMT.
Thomas Buergenthal's experiences as Holocaust survivor and international judge shape his unique perspective on judging war crimes today and justice after genocide.
From 1945 to 1947, the US Army tried a variety of officials, camp personnel, and German civilians accused of war crimes and mass atrocities against Allied civilians and prisoners of war.
View of the mimeograph room in the Palace of Justice at Nuremberg after the transcripts on the sentencing of the defendants in the High Command Case had been run off. The reproduction of documents during the Nuremberg trials, often in four languages, was a huge logistical challenge. Nuremberg, Germany, 1948. (Source record ID: A65III/RA-121-D)
A crowd waits outside the American military court for the announcement of a verdict in the Malmedy war crimes trial of SS soldiers accused of taking part in the massacre of American prisoners of war. Dachau, Germany, July 16, 1946.
US Army staffers organizing stacks of German documents collected by war crimes investigators as evidence for the International Military Tribunal.
Scale used by refugees Masza Swislocki and George Lieberfreund to weigh jars of artificial honey, which they manufactured and sold in the restricted area of Shanghai. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
Soviet officers preside over the opening and exhumation of a mass grave at the Ninth Fort. Photographed by George Kadish. Kovno, Lithuania, 1944.
Estonian auxiliary forces assisted the German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) in the mass killing of Jews and others during World War II. Ralf Gerrets and Jaan Viik were both members of the Estonian security police during the German occupation. This footage shows them during their trial, on charges of war crimes, in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Estonian Supreme Court found both guilty and sentenced them to death in 1961.
Learn about US Army Divisions that have been recognized as liberating units by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the US Army's Center of Military History.
Leading German officials were tried before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg, Germany. The IMT consisted of judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The overwhelming majority of post 1945 war crimes trials, however, involved lower-level officials and officers. Among them were concentration camp guards and commandants, police officers, members of the mobile killing squads, and doctors who participated in medical experiments. These war criminals were…
Vidkun Quisling headed the German-controlled government of Norway from 1942-1945. Because of his actions, his name became synonymous with Nazi collaboration.
Chart used by the prosecution in the Doctors' Trial illustrates the organization of the Medical Services of the Wehrmacht (German armed forces). Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
The inhabitants of Nuremberg watch a parade of US troops through their city. Nuremberg, Germany, 1946.
On May 2, 1945, the 8th Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division encountered the Wöbbelin concentration camp. This photograph shows US troops in the Wöbbelin camp. Germany, May 4–6, 1945.
Efforts to bring the perpetrators of Nazi-era crimes to justice continue into the 21st century. Learn more about postwar trials and their legacies.
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