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Learn more about the Netherlands during the Holocaust and the fate of Dutch Jews after the 1940 German invasion.
Holocaust survivor Simon Wiesenthal dedicated his life to raising public awareness of the need to hunt and prosecute Nazis who had evaded justice.
View of the charred remains of Jewish victims burned by the Germans near the Maly Trostinets concentration camp. Photograph taken ca. 1944. In the fall of 1943, the Germans destroyed the Minsk ghetto. The SS deported some Jews from Minsk to the Sobibor killing center, and killed about 4,000 remaining Jews at Maly Trostinets.
Staff member Johann Niemann in his room at the Bernburg "euthanasia" center. For the picture, he turned his family photo on the bedside table in the direction of the photographer. Niemann later became the deputy commandant of Sobibor, one of three "Operation Reinhard" killing centers.
In 1941, the Nazis occupied Minsk and established a ghetto there. Learn more about life in Minsk during World War II.
Learn about Amsterdam during World War II and the Holocaust, including deportations of Jews to concentration camps and killing centers.
In 1940, the Nazis established Lublin (Majdanek) concentration camp in Lublin, Poland. Learn more about camp conditions.
Explore a timeline of key events during 1943 in the history of Nazi Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust.
The Order Police (Ordnungspolizei, Orpo) were Nazi Germany’s uniformed police forces. They became perpetrators of horrific crimes and played a significant role in the Holocaust.
After war began in September 1939, the Germans established a ghetto and Jewish council in Izbica. Tomasz's work in a garage initially protected him from roundups in the ghetto. In 1942 he tried to escape to Hungary, using false papers. He was caught but managed to return to Izbica. In April 1943 he and his family were deported to the Sobibor killing center. Tomasz escaped during the Sobibor uprising. He went into hiding, and worked as a courier in the Polish underground.
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