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A meeting of the Warsaw ghetto Jewish council. Sitting behind table, 2nd to 4th from left: industrialist Abraham Gepner; chairman Adam Czerniakow; and lawyer Gustav Wielikowski. Warsaw, Poland, between 1939 and 1942.
View of the entrance to a marketplace reduced to rubble as a result of a German aerial attack. Warsaw, Poland, September 1939.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, beginning World War II. German forces swiftly overran Polish border defenses and approached Warsaw, Poland's capital city. Warsaw suffered heavy air attacks and artillery bombardments during the campaign. The city surrendered on September 28. This footage shows German forces entering Warsaw amidst the destruction caused by their bombardment of the city.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The Blitzkrieg ("lightning war") campaign in Poland was short and decisive. Warsaw, the capital of Poland, surrendered on September 27. In early October, Adolf Hitler visited Warsaw to review his forces. This footage shows victorious German army units parading before Hitler in the streets of the devastated city.
Deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto during the uprising. This photo was taken secretly from a building adjacent to the ghetto by a Polish member of the resistance. Warsaw, Poland, April 1943.
Deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto during the ghetto uprising. The original German caption reads: "To the Umschlagplatz." Warsaw, Poland, May 1943.
Deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto during the uprising. The photograph was taken from a building opposite the ghetto by a member of the resistance. It shows Jews who were captured by the SS during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising marching past the St. Zofia hospital, through the intersection of Nowolipie and Zelasna Streets, towards the Umschlagplatz for deportation. Warsaw, Poland, April 20, 1943.
A bombed out home in Warsaw, the besieged capital of Poland. Only a chimney and a stove remain relatively intact. Photograph taken by Julien Bryan (1899-1974), a documentary filmmaker who filmed and photographed the everyday life and culture of individuals and communities in a variety of countries around the globe. In Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland, Bryan filmed and photographed the German bombardment and its impact on the Polish citizenry. He was able to leave during a brief truce that was…
On August 1, 1944, the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) launched an uprising in Warsaw against the German occupiers. Although the Western allies dropped ammunition and supplies and the Soviet army was within sight of the city, the uprising was crushed. This German newsreel footage shows the German suppression of the uprising.
German soldiers direct artillery against a pocket of resistance during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
During World War II, the Germans established ghettos where Jews were forced to live in miserable conditions. In October 1940, a ghetto was established in Warsaw, Poland. Before the war, Warsaw had the largest Jewish community in Europe. At its hei...
Group portrait of women and children standing outside in Warsaw before the war. Warsaw, Poland, ca. 1938.
Forced laborers work on the construction of a wall around the Warsaw ghetto area. The Germans announced the construction of a ghetto in October 1940 and closed the ghetto off from the rest of Warsaw in mid-November 1940.
Deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto during the uprising. This photo was taken secretly from a building adjacent to the ghetto by a Polish member of the resistance. Warsaw, Poland, April 1943.
Jewish resistance fighters who were captured by SS troops during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943. The original German caption reads: "These bandits offered armed resistance."
The Germans established a ghetto in Warsaw in October 1940. All Jewish residents were required to live in the ghetto, which was sealed off from the rest of the city. Overcrowding, minimal rations, and unsanitary conditions led to disease, starvati...
During World War II, the Germans established ghettos where Jews were forced to live in miserable conditions. In October 1940, a ghetto was established in Warsaw, Poland. Before the war, Warsaw had the largest Jewish community in Europe. At its hei...
A Warsaw ghetto resident gives money to two children on a Warsaw ghetto street. Warsaw, Poland, between October 1940 and April 1943.
Members of the Zoska battalion of the Armia Krajowa stand atop a German tank captured during the 1944 Warsaw uprising. The tank was used by the battalion during its capture of the Gesiowka concentration camp. Warsaw, August 2, 1944.
Members of a Polish family perform daily chores amidst the amidst the charred ruins of their home, destroyed during the German bombing of Warsaw. They have reassembled the remnants of their household furnishings outside. Photographed by Julien Bryan, circa 1939.
Commercial area on Nalewki Street in Warsaw's Jewish quarter. Warsaw, Poland, 1938.
German troops parade through Warsaw after the German invasion of Poland. Warsaw, Poland, September 28-30, 1939.
Footbridge over Chlodna Street, connecting two parts of the Warsaw ghetto. The street below was not part of the ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, date uncertain.
Polish civilians walk by a section of the wall that separated the Warsaw ghetto from the rest of the city. Warsaw, Poland, 1940–41.
Jews rounded up during the Warsaw ghetto uprising are forced to march to the assembly point for deportation. Warsaw, Poland, April or May 1943.
A building burns during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. The photograph was taken through the window of a building adjacent to the ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, May 1943.
Jews captured during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19–May 16, 1943.
Jews captured during the Warsaw ghetto uprising are marched past the St. Zofia hospital down Nowolipie Street towards the Umschlagplatz for deportation.
Like other Jews, the Lewents were confined to the Warsaw ghetto. In 1942, as Abraham hid in a crawl space, the Germans seized his mother and sisters in a raid. They perished. He was deployed for forced labor nearby, but escaped to return to his father in the ghetto. In 1943, the two were deported to Majdanek, where Abraham's father died. Abraham later was sent to Skarzysko, Buchenwald, Schlieben, Bisingen, and Dachau. US troops liberated Abraham as the Germans evacuated prisoners.
Like other Jews, the Lewents were confined to the Warsaw ghetto. In 1942, as Abraham hid in a crawl space, the Germans seized his mother and sisters in a raid. They perished. He was deployed for forced labor nearby, but escaped to return to his father in the ghetto. In 1943, the two were deported to Majdanek, where Abraham's father died. Abraham later was sent to Skarzysko, Buchenwald, Schlieben, Bisingen, and Dachau. US troops liberated Abraham as the Germans evacuated prisoners.
Felix was born to an assimilated Jewish family in Lublin, Poland. His father was a locksmith and his mother was a singer. Following the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, Felix fled east to Rovno and then to Soviet-occupied Lvov, where he was accepted at a medical school. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Felix was taken to a labor camp. He escaped and returned to Lublin, and found that his family had been forced into the ghetto established there. After the…
Planned as a short military revolt, the Warsaw Polish uprising lasted 63 days, from August to October 1944. In the end, German troops destroyed the majority of Warsaw during and immediately after the uprising. Photo dated January 17, 1945.
[This video is silent] German forces entered Warsaw in September 1939. The next month, they ordered the establishment of a Jewish council (Judenrat) in the city. They chose Adam Czerniakow, a member of Warsaw's old Jewish Community Council, to lead it. Here, for German newsreels, a German propaganda company stages a meeting between Czerniakow and petitioners from the ghetto. The Germans expected Czerniakow to implement German orders, including demands for forced labor and confiscations of Jewish-owned…
German soldiers lead Jews captured during the Warsaw ghetto uprising to the assembly point for deportation. Poland, May 1943.
Two Jewish men captured by the SS pull a woman from an underground bunker during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, May 8, 1943.
SS personnel capture two Jewish resistance fighters who were pulled from a bunker during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
Members of the Jewish resistance are captured by SS troops on Nowolipie Street during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
An emaciated child eats in the streets of the Warsaw ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, between 1940 and 1943.
German soldiers arrest Jews during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, May 1943. The Warsaw ghetto uprising began on April 19, 1943, after German troops and police entered the ghetto to deport its surviving inhabitants. By May 16, 1943, the Germans had crushed the uprising, deported surviving ghetto residents, and left the ghetto area in ruins.
Leah grew up in Praga, a suburb of Warsaw, Poland. She was active in the Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa'ir Zionist youth movement. Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. Jews were forced to live in the Warsaw ghetto, which the Germans sealed off in November 1940. In the ghetto, Leah lived with a group of Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa'ir members. In September 1941, she and other members of the youth group escaped from the ghetto to a Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa'ir farm in Zarki, near Czestochowa, Poland. In May 1942, Leah became a courier…
Civilians flee Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland. Hundreds of thousands of both Jewish refugees and non-Jewish refugees fled the advancing German army into eastern Poland, hoping that the Polish army would halt the German advance in the west. Many of the refugees fled without a specific destination in mind. They traveled on foot or by any available transport—cars, bicycles, carts, or trucks—clogging roads to the east. Most took only what they could carry.
Beginning in 1941, the Germans deported Jews in Germany to the occupied eastern territories. At first, they deported thousands of Jews to ghettos in Poland and the Baltic states. Those deported would share the fate of local Jews. Later, many deportation transports from Germany went directly to the killing centers in occupied Poland. In this footage, a German propaganda unit films recent arrivals from Magdeburg, Germany, in a collection center run by the Jewish council in the Warsaw ghetto. In July 1942,…
A Jewish woman during a deportation from the Warsaw ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, between October 1940 and May 1943.
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