<p><a href="/narrative/3343">Axis</a> leaders Adolf Hitler and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini meet in Munich, Germany, 1940.</p>
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Bulgarian leader Bogdan Filov (standing) and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (seated, center) during the signing of the Tripartite Pact. This treaty formally aligned Bulgaria with the Axis powers. Vienna, Austria, March 1, 1941.
Photo
Signing of the Tripartite Pact
Map
Slovakia, 1942
Map
Soviet annexations in eastern Europe, 1939-1940
A flag bearing a swastika is raised over the city hall in Sarajevo after German forces captured the city. Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, April 16, 1941.
Photo
Swastika flag is raised over the city hall in Sarajevo
German infantry during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
Article
The Holocaust and World War II: Key Dates
A German soldier guards Soviet prisoners of war at the Uman camp in the Ukraine. Soviet Union, August 14, 1941.
Article
The Holocaust in Subcarpathian Rus and Southern Slovakia
A column of refugees in the Soviet Union, following the German invasion of Soviet territory on June 22, 1941. Soviet Union, between 1941 and 1944.
Article
The Eastern Front: The German War against the Soviet Union
Romanian Jews assemble on the west bank of the Dniester River during deportation to Transnistria. Photo dated July 1941–June 1942.
Article
Transnistria Governorate
Ion Antonescu governed Romania from 1940 until 1944. Antonescu aligned Romania with the Axis powers in November 1940, and became one of Nazi Germany's closest allies. Romania joined in the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. It also implemented harsh anti-Jewish policies against Jews in Romania. While Antonescu ultimately refused to hand Jews over to the Germans, Romanian forces brutally killed hundreds of thousands of Jews, mainly residents of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and the western Ukraine. As the war turned against the Axis and Soviet forces entered Romania in 1944, Antonescu was arrested and turned over to the Soviet Union as a war criminal. Soviet authorities returned Antonescu to Romania in 1946 to stand trial. A tribunal found him guilty of war crimes. He was executed on June 1, 1946.
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Trial of Ion Antonescu
The Ustase were pro-German Croatian fascists. After the Axis invasion and partition of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Germans established a dependent Croatian state. Led by Ante Pavelic, the Croatian regime began a genocidal campaign against minority groups and killed hundreds of thousands of Serbs and tens of thousands of Jews in Croatia. This possibly staged Ustase footage shows Ustase paramilitary forces rounding up villagers in rural Croatia. In May 1945, Yugoslav partisans under Marshal Tito--with Soviet support--overturned the Croatian regime.
Film
Ustasa forces round up villagers
Media Essay
World War II in Eastern Europe, 1942–1945 - Photograph
German tanks pass a burning Russian village during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, in the summer of 1941. © IWM (HU 111382)
Article
World War II in Europe
Landing operations on Rendova Island, Solomon Islands, June 30, 1943. American soldiers were huddled under tree branches during an attack at the break of day.
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World War II in the Pacific
Media Essay
World War II in the Pacific - Artifacts/Documents
Media Essay
World War II in the Pacific - Historical Film Footage
German forces enter Aachen, on the border with Belgium, following the remilitarization of the Rhineland. Aachen, Germany, March 18, 1936.
Article
World War II Dates and Timeline

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