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Leo Melamed describes speaking several languages as a child in prewar Bialystok
Oral HistoryLeo was seven years old when Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. Before the war, Leo's father was a mathematics teacher and member of the Bialystok City Council. Fearing arrest, Leo's father fled Bialystok for Vilna just before the German occupation. Leo and his mother eventually joined his father in Vilna. After the Soviets occupied Vilna, Leo's father obtained transit visas to Japan. The family left Vilna in December 1940, traveled across the Soviet Union on the Trans-Siberian Express, and arrived…
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Portrait of the Rosenblat family in interwar Poland
PhotoPortrait of the Rosenblat family in interwar Poland. Photographed are: (back row from left to right) Elya, Jozef (father), and Itzik Rosenblat. Sitting from left to right are: Herschel, Deena (wife of Elya), Hannah (mother), and Taube Rosenblat (wife of Itzik). In 1941, a mobile killing unit killed Herschel in Slonim, Poland. Of the others, only Itzik and Deena survived deportation from the ghetto in Radom, Poland.
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Children costumes for Purim costumes
PhotoGroup portrait of children dressed in Purim costumes. Danzig, 1930-1939.
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Purim portrait of a kindergarten class
PhotoPurim portrait of a kindergarten class at the Reali Hebrew gymnasium. Kovno, Lithuania, March 5, 1939.
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Alice and Heinrich Muller in costume for Purim
PhotoAlice and Heinrich Muller pose for a photograph while in costume for the Purim holiday. Hlohovec, Czechoslovakia, ca. 1934–35.
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Group portrait of students dressed in for Purim
PhotoGroup portrait of students at the Beis Yaakov religious school for girls dressed in costumes to celebrate the holiday of Purim. Kolbuszowa, Poland, March 1938.
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Tom and Wolf Stein in costumes for Purim
PhotoTom (left) and Wolf Stein (right), dressed in Turkish-style costumes, attend a party celebrating the Jewish holiday of Purim. Hamburg, Germany, 1936.
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Daniel and Laura Schwarzwald sit on a beach in Zaleszczyki, Poland, 1935
PhotoThis prewar photo shows newly married Daniel and Laura (née Litwak) Schwarzwald enjoying a day on the beach in Zaleszczyki, Poland (today Zalishchyky, Ukraine). The Schwarzwalds were Jews from Lwów. They married in 1935 and lived in a fashionable Lwów district where Jews were a minority. Both Laura and Daniel pursued university educations and spoke Polish, Russian, German, and Yiddish. Daniel also spoke English. At the time of their marriage, Daniel was a successful businessman. He owned a lumber…
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Shmerke Kaczerginski
PhotoYiddish writer and cultural activist Shmerke Kaczerginski, who joined Jewish partisans in the Vilna area. 1944–1945.
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Amarillo family portrait
PhotoMembers of the Amarillo family pose outside their home in Salonika. Front, from left to right, are Tillie Amarillo and Sarika Yahiel. Seated behind them are their mothers Louisa Bourla Amarillo and Regina Amarillo Yahiel. Standing are Saul Amarillo, Isaccino Yahiel, and Isaac Yahiel. Salonika, Greece, between 1930 and 1939.
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Zeni and Rudy Farbenblum of Munkacs
PhotoPrewar portrait of mother and son Zeni and Rudy Farbenblum. Munkacs, 1922.
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Students and teachers in Munkacs
PhotoGroup portrait of students and teachers at the Hebrew gymnasium in Munkacs. 1936-1937.
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On the way to summer camp
PhotoChildren and staff leaving for the "Morgenroyt" schools summer camp, organized by the Bund (Jewish Socialist party). The camp was located near Chernovtsy on the Prut River. Chernovtsy, Romania, 1939.
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Rabbi Michael Dov Weissmandel
PhotoRabbi Michael Dov Weissmandel, leader of the Working Group (Pracovna Skupina), a Jewish underground group devoted to the rescue of Slovak Jewry.
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Saleschutz family members doing laundry in their yard
PhotoMembers of the Saleschutz family do laundry in the yard of their home. Kolbuszowa, Poland, 1934.
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Wedding in prewar Kovno
PhotoFamily and friends are gathered for a Jewish wedding celebration in Kovno. Among those pictured are Jona and Gita Wisgardisky (standing at the back on the right). In the summer of 1941 soon after the German occupation of Lithuania, the Wisgardisky family was forced into the Kovno ghetto. During a roundup of children in the ghetto in 1942, Henia (Gita and Jona's daughter) was hidden in a secret room that her father built in a pantry in their apartment. Later she was smuggled out of the ghetto and…
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Forcing Jews out of hiding during the Warsaw ghetto uprising
PhotoJewish homes in flames after the Nazis set residential buildings on fire in an effort to force Jews out of hiding during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19–May 16, 1943.
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Hannah Szenes in Budapest
PhotoHannah Szenes, in the garden of her Budapest home before she moved to Palestine and became a parachutist for rescue missions. Budapest, Hungary, before 1939.
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"Aryanization" in France
Photo"Aryanization" in France: this shop, belonging to Jews, has been given to a non-Jewish "temporary administrator." Paris, April 1942.
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Identification card of Berthe Levy Cahen
PhotoIdentification card of Berthe Levy Cahen, issued by the French police in Lyon, stamped "Juif" ("Jew"). France, August 7, 1942.
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Excluding Jews from a playground
PhotoIn German-occupied Paris, the fence around a children's public playground bears a sign forbidding entrance to Jews. Paris, France, November 1942.
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Antisemitic regulations posted in Budapest
PhotoA Jewish man wearing a yellow star reads newly posted antisemitic regulations in Budapest. Hungary, 1944.
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Addition to the Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935
PhotoReproduction of the first page of an addendum to the Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935. This is the first of 13 addenda to the original legislation that were issued from November 1935 to July 1943 in order to implement the policy aims of the Reich Citizenship Law.
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Avraham Tory stands with Zvi Brik (left)
PhotoSecretary of the Kovno ghetto Jewish council Avraham Tory stands with Zvi Brik (left), workshop administrator, in the cemetery of the Kovno ghetto. Kovno, Lithuania, 1943.
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Jacobsthal family portrait
PhotoThe Jacobsthal family poses with an aunt and uncle who are visiting their home in Amsterdam before emigrating to Chile. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, February 1938.
