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Under the Nazis, Jewish and other “non-Aryan” women were often subjected to brutal persecution. Learn more about the plight of women during the Holocaust.
Resistance comes in many forms, both violent and non-violent, collective and individual. Learn more about Jewish resistance to Nazi oppression.
Despite the Nazi Party's ideology of keeping women in the home, their roles expanded beyond wives and mothers.
A variety of non-Jewish groups and individuals resisted the Nazi regime, both in Germany and in German-occupied territory. Learn more.
Learn more about Jewish resistance efforts in the smaller ghettos of eastern Europe and the obstacles and limitations Jews faced.
Rita Rosani, a former school teacher who joined the Italian armed resistance immediately upon the German occupation of Italy. She was killed near Verona on September 17, 1944, when her unit was surrounded. Trieste, Italy, 1940.
View photos connected to the experiences of women during the Holocaust, as well as the important role women played in resistance activities.
Miles Lerman was a Holocaust survivor, partisan fighter in the forests of Poland, international leader in the cause of Holocaust remembrance, and a "founding father" of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Despite great risks and challenges, many Jews attempted armed resistance across German-occupied Europe. Jews engaged in resistance at both the individual and group levels. Among their efforts were uprisings in killing centers and ghettos.
After the Germans annexed Austria in 1938, Leo attempted to flee. He eventually reached Belgium. In 1940 he was deported to the St.-Cyprien camp in France but escaped. In 1942 Leo was smuggled into Switzerland but was arrested and sent back to France, this time to the Rivesaltes and Drancy camps. He and a friend escaped from a train deporting them to Auschwitz in Poland. Leo joined the French underground in 1943. He arrived in the United States in 1947.
Corrie ten Boom was recognized as a Righteous Among the Nations for her efforts to shelter Jews during the German occupation of the Netherlands
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Sara Fortis.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Mira Shelub.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Marisa Diena.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Dora Oltulski.
Learn about the rescue activities and the fates of Ona Simaite in Lithuania, Joop Westerweel in the Netherlands, and Irena Sendler in Poland.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Vitka Kempner.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Gertrude Boyarski.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Joe and Rose Holm.
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