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<p>This cartoon, “The Modern Mercury” by Jerry Doyle, appeared in The Philadelphia Record, December 7, 1935. The faded large figure in the background bears the label “Olympics ideals of sportsmanship and international good will.” The image of Hitler in the foreground bears the words “1936 Olympics,” “Intolerance and discrimination,” and “Nazism.”</p>

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anti-Nazi opposition

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Forward, You Witnesses!
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Forward, You Witnesses!
<p><a href="/narrative/271">Martin Niemöller</a>, a prominent Protestant pastor who opposed the <a href="/narrative/2529">Nazi regime</a>. He spent the last seven years of Nazi rule in <a href="/narrative/2689">concentration camps</a>. Germany, 1937.</p>
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Martin Niemöller, a Protestant pastor who opposed the Nazi regime
<p>This photograph shows the Kusserow family home in Bad Lippspringe and the tram tracks in front of it. The Kusserow family members were active <a href="/narrative/5070">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> in their region. They distributed religious literature and taught Bible study classes in their home. Their house was conveniently situated for fellow Witnesses along the tram route connecting the cities of Paderborn and Detmold. For the first three years after the Nazis came to power, the Kusserows endured moderate persecution by local <a href="/narrative/11779">Gestapo</a> agents, who often came to search their home for religious materials. In 1936, Nazi police pressure increased dramatically, eventually resulting in the arrest of the family and its members' internment in various concentration camps. Most of the family remained incarcerated until the end of the war. Bad Lippspringe, Germany, 1933-1937.</p>
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Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany: From the 1890s to the 1930s
<p>German police round up Jews in the Jewish quarter of <a href="/narrative/5543">Amsterdam</a>, blockaded following anti-Nazi violence. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, February 22, 1941.</p>
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Round up in the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam
<p>This cartoon, “The Modern Mercury” by Jerry Doyle, appeared in The Philadelphia Record, December 7, 1935. The faded large figure in the background bears the label “Olympics ideals of sportsmanship and international good will.” The image of Hitler in the foreground bears the words “1936 Olympics,” “Intolerance and discrimination,” and “Nazism.”</p>
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Anti-Nazi Cartoon
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Eduard Schulte
<p>Dr. Bernard Deutsch, president of the <a href="/narrative/7200">American Jewish Congress</a> (center) and Rabbi <a href="/narrative/10697">Stephen S. Wise</a> (right) participate in a mass demonstration against Nazi treatment of German Jews. The demonstration took place on the same day as the <a href="/narrative/7631">book burnings</a> in Germany. New York, United States, May 10, 1933.</p>
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American Jewish Congress
<p>Dr. Bernard Deutsch, president of the <a href="/narrative/7200">American Jewish Congress</a> (center) and Rabbi <a href="/narrative/10697">Stephen S. Wise</a> (right) participate in a mass demonstration against Nazi treatment of German Jews. The demonstration took place on the same day as the <a href="/narrative/7631">book burnings</a> in Germany. New York, United States, May 10, 1933.</p>
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American Jewish leaders participate in a mass demonstration
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The Art and Politics of Arthur Szyk
<p><a href="/narrative/7674">Bertolt Brecht</a>, author of the "Threepenny Opera" and a well-known leftist poet and dramatist, who emigrated from Germany in 1933. In exile, he co-edited an anti-Nazi magazine titled <em>Das Wort</em>. London, Great Britain, 1936.</p>
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Bertolt Brecht
<p><a href="/narrative/7674">Bertolt Brecht </a>(left), Marxist poet and dramatist, was a staunch opponent of the Nazis. He fled Germany shortly after <a href="/narrative/65">Hitler's rise to power</a>. Pictured here with his son, Stefan. Germany, 1931.</p>
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Bertolt Brecht
American runner Archie Williams (2nd from left) breaks the tape at the finish line of the 400m event at the Olympic games in Berlin. Williams won the race in a record time of 46.5 seconds.
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The Movement to Boycott the Berlin Olympics of 1936
<p>In front of the German consulate building, writers demonstrate against Nazi <a href="/narrative/7631">book burnings</a>. New York, United States, May 10, 1938.</p>
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Writers demonstrating against Nazi book burnings
<p>Christoph Probst, a member of the <a href="/narrative/10213">White Rose</a> student opposition group. Probst, arrested and condemned to death by the People's Court, was executed on February 22, 1943.</p>
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Christoph Probst
<p>Stephen S. Wise, later to become president of the World Jewish Congress, speaks at an anti-Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden. New York, United States, March 27, 1933.</p>
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Stephen S. Wise
<p>Execution site at the Ploetzensee prison. At Ploetzensee, the Nazis executed hundreds of Germans for opposition to Hitler, including many of the participants in the <a href="/narrative/12002">July 20, 1944</a>, plot to kill Hitler. Berlin, Germany, postwar.</p>
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Non-Jewish Resistance

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