![Chil Meyer Rajchman [LCID: 3384]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/01c8aac6-011f-41f8-bba3-8b22d4438978.gif "Chil Meyer Rajchman [LCID: 3384]")
Chil was born to a Jewish family in the industrial city of Łódź. His mother died before World War II, leaving his father to raise the family. Chil worked to help his father support his siblings.
1933-39: On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Chil fled Łódź with his younger sister Rivka to Pruszków, a small town 10 miles southwest of Warsaw.
1940-45: In October 1940, German authorities established an open ghetto in Pruszków. In January 1941, the Germans transported most of the Jews imprisoned in the Pruszków ghetto, including Rivka, to the Warsaw ghetto. At first, German authorities held Chil at Pruszków to perform forced labor at the rail yards. Eventually he was sent to the Warsaw ghetto, where he reunited with Rivka.
Chil and Rivka made their way to the Ostrów Lubelski ghetto. German authorities liquidated this ghetto in October 1942. They forced the ghetto inhabitants, including Chil and Rivka, to walk to Lubartów. In Lubartów, Chil and Rivka were forced into an overcrowded freight car bound for the Treblinka killing center.
At Treblinka, camp authorities forcibly separated Rivka and Chil. Rivka was murdered in the gas chambers. Chil was among the group of about 100 young, physically fit men selected for forced labor. While most of these men were killed later the same day, Chil was temporarily spared because he volunteered to work as a barber. Camp authorities later assigned Chil to carry corpses from the gas chambers to mass graves. Then he was forced to extract false teeth (often made of precious metals) from the mouths of the murdered victims. Despite the extreme violence and horrific conditions in Treblinka, Chil survived there for about 10 months.
In August 1943, Chil escaped the killing center during the Treblinka uprising. He survived the initial manhunt for escapees conducted by the SS by hiding in the woods and then with Polish farmers. Fearing he would be discovered, Rajchman decided to make his way to Warsaw. There, a Polish friend helped him acquire false papers under the name Henryk Ruminowski. He survived the Warsaw uprising in August 1944. After the uprising, he hid in a bunker in the ruins of Warsaw until the Soviets entered the city and liberated him on January 17, 1945.
From his immediate family, only Chil and his brother Moshe survived. Chil later married, immigrated to Uruguay and raised three sons. Chil wrote a memoir, documenting what he had experienced in Treblinka. It is published in English as The Last Jew of Treblinka.
Item View![Szlamach Radoszynski [LCID: 6054]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/large/f685442b-12b1-4038-84a0-46737d2fb1cd.gif "Szlamach Radoszynski [LCID: 6054]")
Szlamach was one of six children born to Yiddish-speaking, religious Jewish parents. Szlamach's father was a peddler, and the Radoszynski family lived in a modest apartment in Warsaw's Praga section on the east bank of the Vistula River. After completing his schooling at the age of 16, Szlamach apprenticed to become a furrier.
1933-39: During the 1930s Szlamach owned a fur business. Despite the Depression, he was hoping the economy would turn around so that he could make enough money to move into his own apartment and start a family. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. One week later, his city was surrounded by the Germans. After a terrible siege, Warsaw surrendered.
1940-44: In November 1940 the Nazis established a ghetto. By April 1943 Szlamach's entire family had either died in the ghetto or had been deported to the Treblinka killing center. After the ghetto uprising, he was deported to Auschwitz. Day after day his job there was to shovel dirt over discarded, still-smoldering ashes of cremated victims. He kept wondering whether he, too, would end up the same. But Szlamach was sustained by the fact that the number tattooed on his arm--#128232--added up to 18, the Jewish mystical symbol for life.
In January 1945 Szlamach was deported to Dachau, where he was liberated during a forced march on May 1, 1945, by U.S. soldiers. In July 1949 he immigrated to the United States.
Item ViewAbraham was raised in Czestochowa, Poland, and became a barber. He and his family were deported to the Treblinka killing center from the Czestochowa ghetto in 1942. At Treblinka, Abraham was selected for forced labor. He was forced to cut women's hair before they were gassed, and he sorted clothing from arriving transports. Abraham escaped from the camp in 1943 and made his way back to Czestochowa. He worked in a labor camp from June 1943 until liberation by Soviet troops in 1945.
Item ViewAbraham was raised in Czestochowa, Poland, and became a barber. He and his family were deported to the Treblinka killing center from the Czestochowa ghetto in 1942. At Treblinka, Abraham was selected for forced labor. He was forced to cut women's hair before they were gassed, and he sorted clothing from arriving transports. Abraham escaped from the camp in 1943 and made his way back to Czestochowa. He worked in a labor camp from June 1943 until liberation by Soviet troops in 1945.
Item ViewAbraham was raised in Czestochowa, Poland, and became a barber. He and his family were deported to the Treblinka killing center from the Czestochowa ghetto in 1942. At Treblinka, Abraham was selected for forced labor. He was forced to cut women's hair before they were gassed, and he sorted clothing from arriving transports. Abraham escaped from the camp in 1943 and made his way back to Czestochowa. He worked in a labor camp from June 1943 until liberation by Soviet troops in 1945.
Item ViewIsadore was born to a Jewish family in Kielce, Poland. Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. Isadore and his family were forced into the Kielce ghetto, which was established in April 1941. When his parents were deported to the Treblinka killing center in 1942, Isadore went with them rather than remaining behind for forced labor. After arrival at the camp, Isadore hid in a pile of bodies. His parents were killed. Isadore survived by working in the camp. On August 2, 1943, prisoners at Treblinka revolted and Isadore escaped. He was first taken in by a farmer, and then stayed with a partisan group until Soviet forces liberated the area.
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![Train station near the Treblinka killing center. This photo was found in an album belonging to camp commandant Kurt Franz. [LCID: 35274]](https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/6650591e-240b-44bd-8cf7-774c8c400c9b.jpg)