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German troops view the burning of a village in the Rogachyevo district of Gomel, Belarus, 1941.
A German guard sitting on the end of a 20mm gun platform watches over 50,000 Soviet Prisoners of War (POWs) at Stalag 349, Ukraine, August 14, 1941.
A Hochheim parade float proceeds down the Kirchstrasse, passing by a display box for Der Stürmer, an antisemitic newspaper. The display box bears the slogan, "Without a solution to the Jewish question, there is no salvation for the German people." Hochheim am Main, Germany, circa 1934–1940.
Cheering spectators greet Hitler upon his departure for the Reichstag session at which the Enabling Act was passed. The act allowed the government to issue laws without the consent of Germany’s parliament, laying the foundation for the complete Nazification of German society.
Dorrith was born in Kassel, Germany, in December 1938. Her parents were Hans and Trudi Oppenheim. Following increased anti-Jewish measures, Dorrith was among the children sent on Kindertransports to find refuge in the United Kingdom. She left Germany on July 24, 1939. She never saw her parents again. They were deported to Auschwitz, where they perished in October 1944.
On the day of the vote on the so-called Enabling Act, the Nazi leadership sent SS troops into the makeshift Reichstag building, formerly the Kroll Opera, to intimidate other political parties. Berlin, Germany, March 23, 1933. The Enabling Act allowed the Reich government to issue laws without the consent of Germany’s parliament, laying the foundation for the complete Nazification of German society. The full name of the law was the “Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich.”
The following list of Jewish partisans features personal stories from the Jewish Partisan Educ...
Learning about the Holocaust is one way to honor those lost. Browse our learning site for students as a resource for Holocaust-education projects.
Diaries reveal some of the most heart-wrenching accounts of the Holocaust. They record the feelings of loss, fear, and sometimes hope of those facing extraordinary peril.
Key principles, strategies, and people in the history of Nazi propaganda during the Nazi rise to power, the Third Reich, "Final Solution," and World War II.
Learn about North Africa's Jewish communities; WWII military campaigns in North Africa; Vichy's introduction of race laws; and networks of labor camps in North Africa.
Series of articles about the establishment of the Bergen-Belsen camp and key dates in its existence as a concentration camp in the Nazi camp system
Read a series of articles about Adolf Hitler's ideology and strategies. Under Hitler, the Nazi regime was responsible for the mass murder of 6 million Jews and millions of other victims
Learn about the Theresienstadt camp/ghetto, which served multiple purposes from 1941-45 and had an important propaganda function for the Germans.
Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture in Poland. Browse articles describing the German invasion, the Warsaw ghetto, deportations, and resistance.
The mass murder of Europe’s Jews took place in the context of World War II. Browse a series of articles about key events and military campaigns during WWII and the Holocaust.
Explore the story of over 2,000 Polish Jewish refugees who fled east to escape war-torn Europe. They sought safety in such distant places as China and Japan.
Browse articles about the creation, administration, and functions of concentration camps in the 1930s and 1940s, and the brutal conditions camp prisoners experienced during the Holocaust.
Learn about an album of rare images of the Auschwitz complex, taken during a period when the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau were operating at maximum efficiency.
Browse articles about some of the Allied military campaigns in western Europe during World War II, including D-Day and the Rhine crossings.
Learn more about the Auschwitz camp complex in German-occupied Poland. More than 1.1 million people died at Auschwitz, including nearly one million Jews.
The Auschwitz camp complex had more than 40 subcamps that brutally exploited prisoner labor. Learn more about these subcamps, including Althammer, Blechhammer, Budy, and Fürstengrube.
Children were especially vulnerable to Nazi persecution. Explore a series of articles about the plight of children during the Holocaust, including experiences in hiding.
The creation of ghettos was a key step in the Nazi process of brutally separating, persecuting, and ultimately destroying Europe's Jews during the Holocaust. Learn more.
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany carried out a campaign to "cleanse" German society of individuals viewed as biological threats to the nation's "health." Learn more
Series of articles about the history of discrimination against Roma in Europe and how the Nazi regime committed genocide against European Roma during WWII.
The trauma of WWI would profoundly shape the attitudes and actions of both leaders and ordinary people during the Holocaust. Learn more about the war and its aftermath.
Explore a rare photograph collection capturing a view of the Sephardic Jewish community of Monastir on the eve of its destruction during the Holocaust.
Explore key themes about the Olympic Games held in Berlin in 1936, inluding debates over participation in the Games, the choices facing African American athletes, and the role of Nazi propaganda.
To carry out the "Final Solution," the Nazis established killing centers in German-annexed and occupied Poland. Learn more about these killing centers, also referred to as extermination camps or death camps.
The Nazis perpetrated mass murder against groups considered to be racial, civilizational, or ideological enemies. This included Soviet prisoners of war. Learn more
Holocaust denial is any attempt to negate the established facts of the Nazi genocide of European Jews. Explore the articles in this series to learn about Holocaust denial and its origins.
Browse a series of articles about the establishment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the larger context of postwar trials.
Learn about the history and causes of antisemitism (hatred of Jews) and its role in Nazi ideology.
The Nazis took control of the police and turned Germany into a dictatorship; implemented a racist ideology; and carried out brutal policies across annexed and occupied Europe. Learn more.
Learn about Jewish life in Germany and Europe before WWII, antisemitic laws, and Nazi violence and discrimination against the Jews of Germany.
The Nazi “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” was the deliberate, planned mass murder of European Jews. Learn more about how the Nazis implemented the "Final Solution."
Learn about the history of the Nazi camp system, the different types of camps, who was imprisoned and why, and conditions in the camps.
Browse a series of articles describing how some Jews survived the Holocaust; rescue efforts; anti-Nazi resistance groups; and revolts against Nazi oppression in the Warsaw ghetto and in killing centers.
Learn about some of the Righteous Among the Nations, non-Jewish individuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.
Learn about the experiences of 6 Holocaust survivors whose journeys brought them to the United States: Thomas Buergenthal, Aron and Lisa Derman, Regina Gelb, Blanka Rothschild, and Norman Salsitz.
Learn more about resistance in some of the smaller ghettos of eastern Europe in the face of overwhelming odds and desperate scenarios.
With decrees, legislative acts, and case law, Nazi leadership gradually moved Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship. Learn more about law and justice in the Third Reich.
As Allied troops moved across Europe against Nazi Germany in 1944 and 1945, they encountered concentration camps, mass graves, and other sites of Nazi crimes. Learn more
Explore key themes related to the end of the Holocaust, including liberation, challenges facing survivors, displaced persons camps, and postwar justice.
Explore key themes, concepts, and topics related to the history of the Holocaust. Learn about the Nazi persecution of Jews and the implementation of the "Final Solution."
Despite the inaction of most Europeans and the collaboration of many in the persecution and murder of Jews, some individuals and networks from all social and religious backgrounds aided Jews. Learn more.
The Nazi rise to power marked the beginning of the Third Reich. Learn more about the Nazi state from its suspension of basic civil rights to the implementation of mass murder.
Explore a series of articles about the experiences of women during the Holocaust.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies, Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation, the Claims Conference, EVZ, and BMF for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of donor acknowledgement.