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Passports issued to a German Jewish couple, with "J" for Jude (the German word for Jew) stamped on the cards. Karlsruhe, Germany, December 29, 1938.
Sign on a phone booth in Munich that prohibits Jews from using the public telephone. Munich, Germany, 1942.
Despite great risks and challenges, many Jews attempted armed resistance across German-occupied Europe. Jews engaged in resistance at both the individual and group levels. Among their efforts were uprisings in killing centers and ghettos.
A soccer team of the Jewish sports club, Ha-koach (The Strength). Kalisz, Poland, ca. 1933.
Class photo of students and a teacher at a Jewish school in prewar Karlsruhe. Germany, July 1937.
Jewish children in an orphanage operated by the Jewish council of the Vilna ghetto. Vilna, 1942.
Members of the Lvov Jewish council are hanged by the Germans. Lvov, Poland, September 1942.
An estimated 523,000 Jews were living in Germany when the Nazis rose to power in January 1933.
A first-grade class at a Jewish school. Cologne, Germany, 1929-1930.
Two German Jewish families at a gathering before the Nazi rise to power. Only two people in this group survived the Holocaust. Germany, 1928.
This poster from Munich, Germany, proclaims the April 1, 1933, boycott of Jewish-owned businesses and services offered by Jewish professionals. It calls on all Germans to honor the boycott, which began at 10 a.m. The poster was signed by the radical Nazi antisemite, Julius Streicher, official organizer of the boycott.
Commercial area on Nalewki Street in Warsaw's Jewish quarter. Warsaw, Poland, 1938.
Two German Jewish women wearing the compulsory Jewish badge. Germany, September 27, 1941.
Portrait of an elderly Jewish woman wearing a Jewish badge in the Olkusz ghetto. Olkusz , Poland, 1941.
A Jewish couple wearing the mandatory Jewish badge walks along a street in a German city. Germany, September 27, 1941.
A Greek Jewish couple with compulsory yellow stars on their clothing. Salonika, Greece, between February and June 1943.
A Jewish child wears the compulsory Star of David badge with the letter "Z" for Zidov, the Croatian word for Jew. Yugoslavia, ca. 1941.
Group of Jewish parachutists under British command including Haviva Reik (center), who was sent into Slovakia. Palestine, wartime.
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