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Gavra Mandil and his family narrowly escaped death in German-held Yugoslavia by fleeing to Italian-occupied Albania. There Gavra attended a school in Kavaja that had both Muslim and Christian pupils. He is seated on the far right in the first row. June 1943.
Jewish child Hans van den Broeke (born Hans Culp) in hiding in the Netherlands. He is 2 years old in this photograph.
Some Jewish children survived the Holocaust because they were protected by people and institutions of other faiths. Children quickly learned to master the prayers and rituals of their "adopted" religion in order to keep their Jewish identity hidden from even their closest friends. This photograph shows two hidden Jewish children, Beatrix Westheimer and her cousin Henri Hurwitz, with Catholic priest Adelin Vaes, on the occasion of Beatrix's First Communion. Ottignies, Belgium, May 1943.
Augusta Feldhorn stands next to a nun while in hiding. Augusta, a Jewish child, was in hiding under an assumed Christian identity. Belgium. 1942-1945.
A page from the diary of Eugenia Hochberg, written while she was living in hiding in Brody, Poland. The page contains a timeline of important events that happened during the war, such as deaths and deportations of family and friends. Brody, Poland, July 1943–March 1944.
Photograph taken in December 1932 of Suse Grunbaum at age one. Soon after Hitler's 1933 seizure of power in Germany, two-year-old Suse and her parents fled to the Netherlands and settled in the town of Dinxperlo. In 1943, Jews in German-occupied Dinxperlo were ordered to assemble for deportation. Hearing of these plans, the Grünbaums went into hiding, finding refuge with Dutch farmers. The Hartemink family hid Suse and her mother for two years in their barn, first under the floorboards, then in a…
Portrait of a young Jewish girl, Lida Kleinman sitting in her room in Lacko, Poland, 1935. In January 1942, Lida was sent into hiding. She hid under false identities in Catholic orphanages until the end of the war.
In 1942, Henrietta and Herman Goslinski went into hiding to avoid deportation from the Netherlands. Their rescuer could not, however, also take their infant daughter Berty. The Dutch resistance moved Berty frequently; she was eventually moved more than 30 times. During the two-and-a-half years apart, the parents saw Berty only once and received this single photograph of her taken while she was in hiding.
A group of Jewish girls hiding, under assumed identities, in a convent. Ruiselede, Belgium, 1943-44.
In 1942, eleven-year-old Dawid Tennenbaum went into hiding with his mother, settling in the Lvov region as Christians. Dawid disguised himself as a girl and as mentally disabled. This exempted him from attending school and prevented his being exposed.
Sisters Eva and Liane Münzer. They were placed in hiding with a devout Catholic couple. In 1944, Eva and Liane were reported to the police as a result of a fight between their rescuers. The husband denounced his wife and the two Jewish girls. The three were immediately arrested and sent to the Westerbork camp. On February 8, 1944, eight- and six-year-old Eva and Liane were deported to Auschwitz, where they were murdered. Photograph taken in The Hague, the Netherlands, 1940.
Pierre Laval, head of the government of Vichy France and Nazi collaborator. Shown here delivering a radio address. France, 1941–42.
Arrival of Jewish refugees from Germany. The Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) helped Jews leave Germany after the Nazi rise to power. France, 1936.
A Jewish passenger prays on board a refugee ship from Germany bound for Argentina in 1938.
Jewish refugee children look out of the train window as they leave Berlin. They were on a Kindertransport from Germany. Schlesischen train station, Berlin, Germany, November 29-30, 1938.
Delegates to the Evian Conference, where the fate of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany was discussed. US delegate Myron Taylor is third from left. France, July 1938.
The Hotel Royal, site of the Evian Conference on Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. Evian-les-Bains, France, July 1938.
The Evian Conference on Jewish refugees. From left to right are French delegate Henri Berenger, United States delegate Myron Taylor, and British delegate Lord Winterton. France, July 8, 1938.
A group of German and Austrian Jewish refugee children arrives in New York on board the SS President Harding. New York, United States, June 3, 1939.
German Jewish refugees look through portholes of the St. Louis, in Havana harbor. Cuba refused to let the passengers disembark. Cuba, May or June, 1939.
Two German Jewish women wearing the compulsory Jewish badge. Germany, September 27, 1941.
A Jewish couple wearing the mandatory Jewish badge walks along a street in a German city. Germany, September 27, 1941.
An elderly German Jewish woman wearing the compulsory Jewish badge. Berlin, Germany, September 27, 1941.
Jewish women deported from Bremen, Germany, are forced to dig a trench at the train station. Minsk, Soviet Union, 1941. (Source record ID: E9 NW 33/IV/2)
A poster in Hebrew soliciting contributions from members of the Yishuv (the Jewish community of Palestine) for army recruitment and for efforts to rescue European Jewry. The Hebrew text reads "Give a hand in rescue, the Fund for Recruitment and Rescue." Palestine, July 22, 1943.
This photograph shows the refugee ship Pentcho, carrying over 500 passengers bound for Palestine, sailing in the Aegean Sea. It had departed from Bratislava on May 18, 1940. In October 1940, while the Pentcho was sailing in Italian territory, its boiler exploded. The passengers and crew were able to get ashore and offload their supplies before the ship finally sank. On October 18 and 19, Italian authorities picked up the refugees and took them to Rhodes. They stayed there for over a year in a…
Jewish refugees in Lisbon, including a group of children from internment camps in France, board a ship that will transport them to the United States. Lisbon, Portugal, June 1941.
Jewish refugee youth from French transit camps at the Children's Aid Society (OSE) home "Maison des Pupilles de la Nation." Some of the children are in flight, en route to Switzerland. Aspet, France, June-August 1942.
Jewish refugee youth, on an escape route from France to Switzerland, at a Children's Aid Society (OSE) girls' home. Couret, France, ca. 1942.
Children and staff leaving for the "Morgenroyt" schools summer camp, organized by the Bund (Jewish Socialist party). The camp was located near Chernovtsy on the Prut River. Chernovtsy, Romania, 1939.
In Hitler's presence, Romanian ruler Ion Antonescu signs the Three-Power Agreement. Berlin, Germany, November 23, 1940.
Along the route from Iasi to either Calarasi or Podul IIoaei, Romanians remove corpses from a train carrying Jews deported from Iasi following a pogrom. Romania, late June or early July 1941.
During the deportation of survivors of a pogrom in Iasi to Calarasi or Podul Iloaei, Romanians halt a train to throw off the bodies of those who had died on the way. Romania, July 1941.
Romanian Jews who were assembled in a Bessarabian village in September 1941 before deportation to Transnistria.
An 18-month-old Jewish boy, Chaim Leib, who was murdered at the Auschwitz killing center in occupied Poland. Bukovina, Romania, 1942.
Former Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu (center) before his execution as a war criminal. Fort Jivava, near Bucharest, Romania, June 1, 1946.
A Romanian firing squad prepares to execute former Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu. Camp Jivava, near Bucharest, Romania, June 1, 1946.
German soldiers lead blindfolded Polish hostages to an execution site. Olkusz, Poland, July 16, 1940.
A Nazi decree issued in October 1941, in German and Polish, warns that Jews leaving the ghetto, or Poles who aid them, will be executed. Czestochowa, Poland.
German soldiers expel Polish inhabitants from the Zamosc area. Poland, 1942-1943.
German officers examine Polish children to determine whether they qualify as "Aryan." Poland, wartime.
Polish babies, chosen for their "Aryan" features, to be adopted and raised as ethnic Germans. Poland, 1941–1943.
Polish and Russian forced laborers shot by the SS after they had collapsed from exhaustion during a death march. Wisenfeld, Germany, April 26, 1945.
A Polish town in ruins after six years of war and German occupation. Poland, 1945.
Prisoners at forced labor in the Neuengamme concentration camp, Germany, 1941-1942.
Prisoners at forced labor in the brick factory at Neuengamme concentration camp. Germany, date uncertain.
View of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Prisoners stand behind the fence that separates the "protective custody" camp from the manufacturing sectors of the camp. In the distance are the crematorium and the Walther armaments works. Photograph taken between 1940 and 1945, Neuengamme, Germany.
A view of the quarry at the Mauthausen concentration camp, where prisoners were subjected to forced labor. Austria, 1938-1945.
Soviet prisoners of war arrive at the Majdanek camp. Poland, between October 1941 and April 1944.
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