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German authorities established a ghetto in Minsk in July 1941, shortly after German forces occupied the city. About 80,000 Jews were initially crowded into the ghetto, with 24,000 more people deported there later that year. In August 1941, the Germans began mass killing operations against the residents of the ghetto.
The Minsk ghetto was established in July 1941 shortly after German forces occupied the city. These personal histories describe the experiences of Jewish men, women, and children who were forced into the Minsk ghetto.
The Sobibor killing center in German-occupied Poland was one of four camps linked to Operation Reinhard. On October 14, 1943, Jewish prisoners in the camp launched an uprising. After the revolt, Sobibor was dismantled. At least 170,000 people were...
The Treblinka killing center opened in July 1942 and was dismantled in September 1943. An estimated 925,000 Jews, as well as an unknown number of Poles, Roma, and Soviet POWs, were murdered there.
An estimated 197,464 prisoners passed through the Mauthausen concentration camp system between August 1938 and May 1945. At least 95,000 people were killed there.
An estimated 197,464 prisoners passed through the Mauthausen concentration camp system between August 1938 and May 1945. At least 95,000 people were killed there.
An estimated 197,464 prisoners passed through the Mauthausen concentration camp system between August 1938 and May 1945. At least 95,000 people were killed there.
Located 22 miles east of Danzig, Stutthof began as a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief and later became a "labor education" camp under the German Security Police. In January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp....
Stutthof began as a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief and then became a "labor education" camp under the German Security Police. In January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. Stutthof prisoners were used as fo...
The Ravensbrück concentration camp was the largest concentration camp for women in the German Reich. The SS required Ravensbrück prisoners to perform forced labor. Starting in the summer of 1942, prisoners were also subjected to unethical medical...
The Ravensbrück concentration camp was the largest concentration camp for women in the German Reich.
The Ravensbrück concentration camp was the largest concentration camp for women in the German Reich. The SS required Ravensbrück prisoners to perform forced labor. Starting in the summer of 1942, prisoners were also...
Between 1943 and 1945, a group of Jewish men and women from Palestine parachuted into German-occupied Europe. The 32 parachutists had volunteered with the British army and were sent on rescue and resistance missions. The Germans captured 12 of the...
Gross-Rosen became an independent concentration camp in 1941. The camp eventually expanded to become the center of an industrial complex and to include a vast network of at least 97 subcamps.
It is estimated that of the 120,000 prisoners who passed through the Gross-Rosen camp system, at least 40,000 died either in the camp or during its evacuation. These ID cards and testimonies describe the experiences of individuals who were imprisoned in Gross-Rosen.
Germany occupied the Polish city of Tarnow in 1939. Deportations from Tarnow began in June 1942, first to the Belzec killing center. Following the June deportations, the Germans forced the surviving Jews in Tarnow, as well as Jews from nearby town...
In July 1938, delegates from 32 countries met in Evian, France for a conference on the refugee crisis. The delegates expressed sympathy for the Jews who were seeking to flee Nazi persecution. Most countries, however, refused to admit more refugees.
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