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The Germans established Jewish Councils (Judenraete) in the ghettos during World War II. Jewish Councils were required to implement Nazi policies in the ghettos. This role meant impossible moral dilemmas. Council members had to decide wheth...
Learn more about Nazi Germany’s response to the “Jewish question,” an antisemitic idea that the Jewish minority was a problem that needed a solution.
Jewish men wearing the mandatory Jewish badge in the Jewish quarter of Paris. France, after June 1942.
In the Jewish quarter of Paris, a Jewish woman wearing the compulsory Jewish badge stands at the entrance to a kosher butcher shop. France, between May 1942 and 1944.
The American Jewish Congress led anti-Nazi protest rallies in the 1930s and 1940s. Learn about the AJC's creation, leadership, activities, and rescue efforts.
During the Holocaust, some children went into hiding to escape Nazi persecution. They faced constant fear, dilemmas, and danger.
Decrees that ordered Jews to wear special badges for purposes of identification existed before the Nazi era. Learn about this history.
Learn about a group of Jewish men and women from Palestine who parachuted into German-occupied Europe to organize resistance and aid in the rescue of Allied personnel
"Aryanization" of Jewish-owned businesses: a formerly Jewish-owned store (Gummi Weil) that was expropriated and transferred to non-Jewish ownership (Stamm and Bassermann). Frankfurt, Germany, 1938.
Jewish partisans, including a song and dance group, in the Naroch forest in Belorussia. In addition to armed resistance, Jewish resistance also focused on spiritual resistance—the attempt to preserve traditions and culture. Soviet Union, 1943.
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