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During World War II, the Germans established ghettos where Jews were forced to live in miserable conditions. In October 1940, a ghetto was established in Warsaw, Poland. Before the war, Warsaw had the largest Jewish community in Europe. At its hei...
During World War II, the Germans established ghettos where Jews were forced to live in miserable conditions. In October 1940, a ghetto was established in Warsaw, Poland. Before the war, Warsaw had the largest Jewish community in Europe. At its hei...
Goblets used in Shanghai by the Caspary family for blessings (Kiddush) over wine on the Sabbath or Jewish holidays. The Orthodox Casparys ran a kosher restaurant frequented by yeshiva students from Poland. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
This casting of a gas chamber door in the Majdanek camp, near Lublin, Poland, was commissioned by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Each gas chamber in Majdanek was fitted with an airtight metal door and was bolted shut before gas entered the chamber inside. SS guards could observe the killing process through peepholes in the upper center of the door.
A seven-day gold traveling clock in a leather case, manufactured in France and originally made for a Russian nobleman. The panel in the leather case slides open to reveal the clock face. The clock was a Szepsenwol family heirloom. It was acquired by Chaya Szepsenwol's grandfather, who like her father, was a jeweler. The clock was among the family valuables that Rikla Szepsenwol was able to take out of Poland. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
A hand-tinted photograph of Frieda Greinegger and Julian Noga as a young couple. The two had met when Julian, a forced laborer from Poland, arrived at the Greinegger farm in northern Austria. In 1941, the Gestapo sent both to concentration camps after learning of their forbidden friendship. Place uncertain, after 1945.
Amon Goeth (front left), commandant of the Plaszow camp, under escort to the courthouse in Kraków for sentencing. He was sentenced to death at his postwar trial on war crimes charges. Kraków, Poland, August 1946.
SS and Police Leader Juergen Stroop interrogates two Jews arrested during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
Jewish homes in flames after the Nazis set residential buildings on fire in an effort to force Jews out of hiding during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19–May 16, 1943.
Deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto during the uprising. This photo was taken secretly from a building adjacent to the ghetto by a Polish member of the resistance. Warsaw, Poland, April 1943.
Deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto during the uprising. The photograph was taken from a building opposite the ghetto by a member of the resistance. It shows Jews who were captured by the SS during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising marching past the St. Zofia hospital, through the intersection of Nowolipie and Zelasna Streets, towards the Umschlagplatz for deportation. Warsaw, Poland, April 20, 1943.
Two Jewish men captured by the SS pull a woman from an underground bunker during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, May 8, 1943.
Jan Karski (standing), underground courier for the Polish government-in-exile. He informed the west in the fall of 1942 about Nazi atrocities against Jews taking place in Poland. Pictured in his office in Washington, DC, United States, 1944.
Members of the Jewish resistance are captured by SS troops on Nowolipie Street during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
Aerial photograph of Auschwitz II (Birkenau). Poland, December 21, 1944. This image is one of a series of aerial photographs taken by Allied reconnaissance units under the command of the 15th US Army Air Force during missions dating between April 4, 1944, and January 14, 1945.
Jews forced to board a deportation ship in the Danube River port of Lom during deportations from Bulgarian-occupied territories. They were deported, through Vienna, to the Treblinka camp in German-occupied Poland. Lom, Bulgaria, March 1943.
Thracian Jews crowd the upper deck of the Karađorđe, a ship used for deportation, as it leaves the port of Lom. They were transported by ship along the Danube River to Vienna and then by rail to the Treblinka killing center in occupied Poland. Lom, Bulgaria, March 1943.
Thracian Jews crowded into an interior room of the Karađorđe, used as a deportation ship, just before it left the Danube River port of Lom. From Lom they were loaded onto four Bulgarian ships and taken to Vienna, where they were put on trains bound for the Treblinka killing center in occupied Poland. Lom, Bulgaria, March 1943.
Jews from Bulgarian-occupied territories during deportation along the Danube to Vienna, from where they were deported by train to the Treblinka killing center in German-occupied Poland. Lom, Bulgaria, March 1943.
Soon after liberation, an emaciated child survivor is carried out of camp barracks by Soviet first-aid workers. Auschwitz, Poland, after January 27, 1945. This photograph is a still image from Soviet film of the liberation of Auschwitz.
Rail cars discovered by Soviet forces and containing possessions taken from deportees. This abandoned train was on the way to Germany loaded with personal effects (in this case, pillows) taken from Auschwitz victims. Auschwitz, Poland, after January 27, 1945.
Bulgarian authorities round up Jews in occupied Macedonia for deportation. They were first held in a camp in Skopje and then deported to the Treblinka killing center in German-occupied Poland. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943.
SS Second Lieutenant Gustav Willhaus, camp commandant, rides past the main gate of the Janowska concentration camp. The road from the street and into the camp was paved with tombstones the Nazis removed from Jewish cemeteries. Janowska, Poland, between September 1942 and November 1943.
A Jewish New Year greeting card from Hela Brett, the donor's friend. In the winter of 1945-46, Rochelle Shulman (born Rochelle Szklarski), her father, and sisters left Poland with the help of the Brihah. They reached the Bad Reichenhall displaced persons camp and stayed there until February 1949, when they sailed to New York aboard the SS Marine Shark. Bad Reichenhall, Germany, September 1947.
Jews forced to move into the Lodz ghetto. Lodz, Poland, date uncertain. During the Holocaust, the creation of ghettos was a key step in the Nazi process of brutally separating, persecuting, and ultimately destroying Europe's Jews. Ghettos were often enclosed districts that isolated Jews from the non-Jewish population and from other Jewish communities.
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