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Georg Grosz was a German artist of the Dada movement. His books, which had many of his best-known plates, were burned in Nazi Germany in 1933. Learn more.
Rudolf Hilferding was a well-known socialist. Also Jewish, he was persecuted by the Nazis and later died in prison. His books were burned in Germany in 1933.
Klaus Mann was a German author whose novel “Mephisto” exposed the evil of the Nazi dictatorship. His works were burned in Nazi Germany in May 1933. Learn more.
After WWII, many Holocaust survivors, unable to return to their homes, lived in displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Read about Turin DP camp.
To implement their policies, the Nazis had help from individuals across Europe, including professionals in many fields. Learn about the role of academics and teachers.
German police execute a group of Poles at the edge of the Uzbornia Grove just outside of Bochnia. Altogether, 51 residents of Bochnia and the vicinity were shot in reprisal for an assault on a German police station by members of the Polish underground organization "Orzel Bialy" (White Eagle) on 16 December 1939. Bochnia, Krakow, Poland, December 18, 1939.
Runners competing in the 800-meter race at the Olympic games in Berlin. In this photograph, American John Woodruff is just visible in the outside lane. He came from behind to win the race in 1:52.9 minutes. Source record ID: 95/73/12A.
The SS ordered Jews to undress prior to the mass shootings at the nearby Babyn Yar killing site. In two days, September 29-30, 1941, they shot more than 33,000 Jews from Kyiv (Kiev). This photograph, taken by a member of a German Propaganda Company, shows just some of the belongings of these victims. Kyiv, German-occupied Soviet Union, After September 30, 1941.
An SD officer reads a list of charges against a group of Polish civilians just before their execution in the forest near Szubin. A German soldier can be seen in the left background and a woman is included in the number of those to be shot. According to the Main Crimes Commission, one of the officers involved is SS Major Ernst Tiedemann. Szubin (Bydgoszcz), Poland, October 21, 1939.
Explore the story of over 2,000 Polish Jewish refugees who fled east to escape war-torn Europe. They sought safety in such distant places as China and Japan.
The 3rd Armored Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp in 1945.
After WWII and the fall of the Nazi regime, Holocaust survivors faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives. Listen to Regina Gelb's story.
Yitzhak Balsam was just under 15 years old when Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. Like other Jewish men in Praszka, he was forced to build roads outside of town. Yitzhak was later deported to several camps, including Auschwitz, and was imp...
Germany invaded the Netherlands on May 10, 1940. Four days later, German planes bombed Rotterdam. The Germans tried to halt the raid on the city because Dutch authorities had agreed to negotiate the surrender of their country. However, a communications failure delayed the order halting the attack. The bombing destroyed much of the city center, leaving almost 80,000 people homeless. The Netherlands surrendered just a few hours later. On May 15, in retaliation for the bombing of Rotterdam, the British air…
Cuban immigration papers issued to Ella Schatz, who had obtained passage aboard the Orinoco. On May 27, 1939, the Orinoco left Hamburg with 200 passengers bound for Cuba. Informed by radio of the difficulties other ships carrying refugees were facing in Havana, the captain of the Orinoco diverted the ship to waters just off Cherbourg, France, where it remained for days. The 200 refugees ultimately returned to Germany in June 1939. Their fate remains unknown.
Laura Bush, George Bush, and Benjamin Meed during the Days of Remembrance ceremony in 2001, the theme of which was "Remembering the past for the sake of the future." Days of Remembrance was established by the United States Congress as the United States' annual commemoration of the victims of the Holocaust, just as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum was established as a permanent living memorial to those victims.
Erich Maria Remarque wrote the classic novel “All Quiet on the Western Front,” which became a Hollywood film. His works were burned under the Nazi regime in 1933.
In 1939, the French government established the Gurs camp. Learn more about the history of the camp before and after the German invasion of France.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Silvio Ortona.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Frank Blaichman.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Joe Cameron.
Polish women from the Pawiak and Mokotow prisons in nearby Warsaw are led into the Palmiry forest for execution by SS personnel.The original caption reads: "Their Nazi executioners leading a group of Polish women, according to the information attached to this picture which was just received through Polish sources. Hundreds of cvilians, men, women and even young children are said to be systematically 'eliminated' under the Nazi scheme of things in war-torn Poland". Palmiry Forest, Poland,…
The 36th Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating some of the Kaufering subcamps of Dachau in 1945.
Ivo grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Zagreb. He experienced little overt antisemitism until the Germans and their allies invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941 and installed a fascist Ustasa government in Croatia. The Ustasa regime began killing Jews, Serbs, and Roma (Gypsies). Ivo's family escaped to Italian-occupied territory, where the Italians tried to protect Jewish refugees. Ivo lived in Italian internment camps, including the Rab island camp, before moving to mainland Italy in 1944. He worked…
The 1936 Olympics in Berlin under Adolf Hitler's Nazi dictatorship were more than just a worldwide sporting event, they were also a show of Nazi propaganda.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.