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Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, passengers on the St. Louis, disembark in the port of Antwerp. Cuba and the United States denied entry to these refugees. Belgian police guard the gangway. Antwerp, Belgium, June 17, 1939.
A British recruitment poster encourages Jews in Palestine to enlist in the Jewish Brigade Group. Palestine, January 1945. The Jewish Brigade Group of the British army, which fought under the Zionist flag, was formally established in September 1944. It included more than 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Palestine organized into three infantry battalions and several supporting units.
Brigadier Ernest Frank Benjamin, commanding officer of the Jewish Brigade, inspects the Second Battalion. Palestine, October 1944. The Jewish Brigade Group of the British army, which fought under the Zionist flag, was formally established in September 1944. It included more than 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Palestine organized into three infantry battalions and several supporting units.
Soldiers and vehicles of the Jewish Brigade Group, which participated in the final Allied offensive in Italy. Italy, March 24, 1945.
A Jewish Brigade soldier with two members of "Kibbutz Buchenwald." "Kibbutz Buchenwald" was a group of survivors from the Buchenwald concentration camp who were preparing for agricultural work in Palestine. Antwerp, Belgium, 1946.
Pre-emigration training: young Jews in a cooking class in the Theodor Herzl School sponsored by the Jewish community. Berlin, Germany, between 1930 and 1939.
Training for emigration to Palestine: a math class at the Caputh Agricultural School. Berlin, Germany, 1930–39.
Girls in a sewing class at the Adas Israel school, maintained by the German Jewish community. Berlin, Germany, 1930s.
Jewish athletes at a sports festival in Grunewald stadium, Berlin. After Adolf Hitler took power, Jews were not allowed to be members of German athletic clubs. Berlin, Germany, 1934.
The Reich Union of Jewish Frontline Soldiers organized summer camps and sports activities for Jewish children. Germany, between 1934 and 1936.
A concert in the Oranienburger Street synagogue organized by the Cultural Society of German Jews. Berlin, Germany, 1938.
SS Second Lieutenant Gustav Willhaus, camp commandant, rides past the main gate of the Janowska concentration camp. The road from the street and into the camp was paved with tombstones the Nazis removed from Jewish cemeteries. Janowska, Poland, between September 1942 and November 1943.
Two SS officers and a guard dog in the Janowska concentration camp. Janowska, Poland, January 1942–November 1943.
Bone-crushing machine used by Sonderkommando 1005 to grind the bones of victims after their bodies were burned in the Janowska camp. August 1944.
After the Anschluss (German annexation of Austria), Austrian Jewish refugees disembark from the Italian steamship Conte Verde. Shanghai, China, December 14, 1938.
Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria arrive at the port of Shanghai. China, 1938–1939.
Jewish refugees at prayer in a synagogue. Shanghai, China, date uncertain.
Deportation of German Jews to France, where Vichy officials would intern them in the Gurs camp (in southwestern France). Gailingen, Germany, October 1940.
Crowded living conditions: prisoners inside a barracks at Gurs detention camp. France, probably 1940.
A group of foreign-born Jews poses for a photo in Gurs, a French internment camp in southwestern France. Gurs, France, 1941. Samuel Liebermensch is pictured at the center. Hugo Mayer is seated on the lower right. Siegfried Lindheimer is pictured in the first row , second from the left.
Women prisoners standing in front of barracks at the Gurs camp. Gurs, France, ca. 1943.
View of the industrial section of the Plaszow camp. Plaszow, Poland, 1944.
View of the entrance to the Plaszow camp. Plaszow, Poland, 1943-1944.
A section of barbed-wire fencing surrounding the Plaszow camp. Plaszow, Poland, 1943-44.
View of a section of the Plaszow concentration camp. Plaszow, Poland, 1943–1944.
View of part of the Plaszow concentration camp in occupied Poland, showing an entrance gate. Plaszow, Poland, 1943-1944.
A group of women prisoners in the Plaszow camp. Plaszow, Poland, 1943-1944.
View of a tunnel entrance to the rocket factory at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, April-May 1945.
Assembly line where prisoners were forced to manufacture V-bombs at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, April-May 1945.
Sections of V-2 rockets, the so-called Vengeance Weapons, are removed by rail from the Dora-Mittelbau camp after liberation. Near Nordhausen, Germany, June 1945.
Liberated inmates of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen, view an area where camouflaged V-1 and V-2 rocket parts were stored. Germany, after April 11, 1945.
View of the ruins of the central barracks (Boelke Kaserne) in the Nordhausen concentration camp. This photograph was taken after liberation. Germany, April 1945.
Under orders of the US First Army, German civilians prepare to use a stretcher to remove corpses of victims of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, April 13–14, 1945.
After the liberation of Dora-Mittelbau, local German residents were required to bury the bodies of victims of the camp. Dora-Mittelbau, Germany, April 13–14, 1945.
Under the supervision of the US First Army, German civilians from Nordhausen carry victims of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp to mass graves. Germany, April 14, 1945.
Two survivors of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen. Germany, April 14, 1945.
American soldiers watch as German civilians bury the corpses of prisoners found in the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
German civilians from the town of Nordhausen carry the bodies of prisoners found in the Nordhausen concentration camp to mass graves for burial. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
The bodies of prisoners killed in the Nordhausen concentration camp lie in a mass grave dug by German civilians under orders from US troops. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
Members of a US congressional committee investigating German atrocities view a V-2 rocket on the assembly line of an underground factory at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, May 1, 1945.
Members of a US congressional committee investigating German atrocities view the emaciated body of a dead prisoner at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, May 1, 1945.
American Legion officials touring Germany and Austria pass through the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, after June 6, 1945.
At an American military tribunal held in Dachau, a witness for the prosecution identifies a doctor who had denied medical care to prisoners at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. Dachau, Germany, 1947.
A group of the 19 men accused of committing atrocities at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen, during their war crimes trial. Dachau, Germany, September 19, 1947.
Judges in the trial of 19 men accused of committing atrocities at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen. Dachau, Germany, September 25, 1947.
Jews in the town of Coesfeld, in northwestern Germany, assembled for deportation to the Riga ghetto. Coesfeld, Germany, December 10, 1941.
Deportation of Jews from Bielefeld in Germany to Riga in Latvia. Bielefeld, Germany, December 13, 1941.
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