You searched for: %20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%20%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%20%20ID366%20%ED%9C%B4%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%B0%20%EC%9D%B8%EC%A6%9D%20%EC%A4%91%EA%B3%A0%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%98%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94%EA%B3%B3%20%20%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80%20%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94%20%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%20%20%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%20%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94%20%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%20%EC%9D%B8%EC%A6%9D%20%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%20%20%20%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%84%ED%84%B0%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%20%ED%8E%98%EB%B6%81%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%8B%A4%EB%AA%85%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EC%A5%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%ED%95%A9%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4%E2%A4%BC%E2%87%8884459122
<< Previous | Displaying results 401-425 of 434 for "%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%20%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%20%20ID366%20%ED%9C%B4%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%B0%20%EC%9D%B8%EC%A6%9D%20%EC%A4%91%EA%B3%A0%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%98%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94%EA%B3%B3%20%20%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80%20%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94%20%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%20%20%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%20%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94%20%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%20%EC%9D%B8%EC%A6%9D%20%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%20%20%20%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%84%ED%84%B0%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%20%ED%8E%98%EB%B6%81%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%8B%A4%EB%AA%85%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EC%A5%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%ED%95%A9%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4%E2%A4%BC%E2%87%8884459122" | Next >>
-
Eleanor Roosevelt
ArticleEleanor Roosevelt, longest serving First Lady in US history, used her social and political influence to intervene on behalf of refugees before and during WWII.
-
Lackenbach (Roma internment and transit camp)
ArticleThe Lackenbach internment and transit camp for Roma, located in what had been eastern Austria, was a departure point for deportations to Lodz and Auschwitz.
-
Telegram from Quanza Passengers to Eleanor Roosevelt
PhotoThe SS Quanza was a Portuguese ship chartered by Jewish refugees attempting to escape Nazi-dominated Europe in August 1940. Passengers with valid visas were allowed to disembark in New York and Vera Cruz, but that left 81 refugees seeking asylum. On September 10, 1940, they sent this telegram to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to implore her for help.
-
Portrait of Ester Eschkenasi
PhotoPortrait of Ester Eschkenasi, wife of Sava Eschkenasi. She lived at Karagoryeva 91 in Bitola. This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.
-
Judge Thomas Buergenthal with members of the Inter-American Court of Justice
PhotoJudge Thomas Buergenthal (front row, right) with other members of the Inter-American Court of Justice in San Jose, Costa Rica. Thomas served from 1979–91 and was president from 1985-1987. San Jose, Costa Rica, 1980.
-
The United States and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–41
ArticleNazi Germany’s territorial expansion and the radicalization of Nazi anti-Jewish policies triggered a mass exodus. Learn about the US and the refugee crisis of 1938–41.
-
Forced Labor: An Overview
ArticleForced labor played a crucial role in the wartime German economy. Many forced laborers died as the result of brutal treatment, disease, and starvation.
-
-
Wilek (William) Loew describes forced labor in Lvov
Oral HistoryWilek was the son of Jewish parents living in the southeastern Polish town of Lvov. His family owned and operated a winery that had been in family hands since 1870. Wilek's father died of a heart attack in 1929. Wilek entered secondary school in 1939. Soon after he began school, World War II began with the German invasion of Poland. Lvov was in the part of eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. Although the Soviets took over Wilek's home and the family business, Wilek was able to continue his…
-
Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Arab Nationalist and Muslim Leader
ArticleHajj Amin al-Husayni claimed to speak for the Arab nation and the Muslim world and sought an alliance with the Axis powers during WWII. Learn more about his actions
-
Hodonín U Kunštátu (Hodonín bei Kunstadt) (Roma camp)
ArticleIn March 1942, the Hodonin camp was classified as a camp for Roma. It was a transfer station during deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Learn about the camp and its history.
-
Tuvia Bielski
ArticleRead the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Tuvia Bielski.
-
German air campaign in the Low Countries
FilmThe Junkers (Ju) 87, known as the "Stuka," spearheaded the Blitzkrieg ("lightning war") attacks that were decisive in the western campaign in 1940. Stuka dive-bombers closely supported German ground forces. They destroyed enemy strong points, aircraft, and airfields, and spread panic in rear areas. Although slow and easily shot down by Allied fighters, the Stukas proved devastatingly effective in the German invasions of Poland and western Europe, where Germany enjoyed superiority in the air. Stukas caused…
-
Stand Fast
SongErich Frost (1900–87), a musician and devout Jehovah's Witness, was active in the religious resistance to Hitler's authority. Caught smuggling pamphlets from Switzerland to Germany, he was imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin where he composed this song in 1942. Later deported to a labor camp at Alderney, Channel Islands, Frost survived the war and returned to Germany to serve the Watchtower Society. "Fest steht," reworked in English as "Forward, You Witnesses," is among the…
-
-
Concentration Camp System: In Depth
ArticleThe Nazi regime's extensive camp system included concentration camps, forced-labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps, transit camps, and killing centers.
-
"Kristallnacht": nationwide pogrom
MapKristallnacht—literally, "Crystal Night"—is usually translated from German as the "Night of Broken Glass." It refers to the violent anti-Jewish pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. The pogrom occurred throughout Germany, which by then included both Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions all over the German Reich were attacked, vandalized, looted, and destroyed. Many were set ablaze. Firemen were instructed to let the synagogues burn but to…
-
Lea Ofner-Szemere
ID CardLea was born in the city of Sombor in northeastern Yugoslavia. When she was 3 years old, her parents divorced and she moved to Vienna with her mother, who taught English and French to Austrian children. Lea enjoyed living in Vienna as a child. 1933-39: Lea returned to Sombor almost every year to visit her mother's relatives. There, she became reacquainted with her younger half-sister, Julia, and her older half-brother, Francis, and would miss them when she returned to Vienna. In 1938, the Germans annexed…
-
Henny Fletcher Aronsen describes liberation from a death march from Stutthof
Oral HistoryHenny was born into an upper-middle-class Jewish family in Kovno, Lithuania. She and her brother attended private schools. In June 1940 the Soviets occupied Lithuania, but little seemed to change until the German invasion in June 1941. The Germans sealed off a ghetto in Kovno in August 1941. Henny and her family were forced to move into the ghetto. Henny married in the ghetto in November 1943; her dowry was a pound of sugar. She survived several roundups during which some of her friends and family were…
-
Notice of Gregor Wohlfahrt's execution
DocumentAuthorities in Berlin, Germany, sent this notice to Barbara Wohlfahrt, informing her of her husband Gregor's execution on the morning of December 7, 1939. Although he was physically unfit to serve in the armed forces, the Nazis tried Wohlfahrt for his religious opposition to military service. As a Jehovah's Witness, Wohlfahrt believed that military service violated the biblical commandment not to kill. On November 8, 1939, a military court condemned Wohlfahrt to beheading, a sentence carried out one month…
-
Hermann Ludwig Maas
ArticleHermann Ludwig Maas, a Protestant pastor in Heidelberg, Germany, was a rescuer and clergyman who stood in solidarity with the Jewish community.
-
Dr. Robert Ritter visits a "Gypsy camp"
PhotoDr. Robert Ritter talks to several residents in a Zigeunerlager ("Gypsy camp"). Hamburg, Germany, 1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most of the people whom Ritter studied and…
-
Eva Justin interviews a Romani woman interned in a "Gypsy camp"
PhotoA color photograph of Eva Justin interviewing a Romani woman interned in a "Gypsy camp." Vienna, Austria, 1940. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called “racial hygiene.” Ritter worked with a small team of racial hygienists. Among them were Eva Justin and Sophie Ehrhardt. Most of the people whom Ritter studied and…
-
A family interned in a "Gypsy camp"
PhotoA family stands outside of their wagon while interned in a Zigeunerlager ("Gypsy camp"). In the background, children are crowded around Eva Justin. Justin worked for the Center for Research on Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology. Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, 1938. During the Nazi era, Dr. Robert Ritter was a leading authority on the racial classification of people pejoratively labeled “Zigeuner” (“Gypsies”). Ritter’s research was in a field called eugenics, or what the Nazis called…
-
Abdol Hossein Sardari (1895–1981)
ArticleIranian diplomat Abdol Hossein Sardari gave critical assistance to Iranian Jews in occupied France (1940-1944) to protect them from Nazi persecution.