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  • Gisha Galina Bursztyn: Maps

    Media Essay

    Born to Jewish parents in Poland, Gisha Galina Bursztyn moved to the city of Warsaw after she married. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Warsaw fell four weeks later, and a ghetto was set up in November 1940. During a massive roundup i...

  • Receipt for items confiscated from Moshe Zupnik

    Document

    Soviet authorities issued this receipt, in Russian, to Moshe Zupnik for the rubles they confiscated from him before he left the Soviet Union. Soviet authorities routinely confiscated most rubles and other valuables from Jewish refugees before they boarded steamers bound for Japan and left the Soviet Union. Vladivostok, Soviet Union, January 22, 1941. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]

    Receipt for items confiscated from Moshe Zupnik
  • Pogrom in Lvov

    Film

    The Soviet Union occupied Lvov in September 1939, according to secret provisions of the German-Soviet Pact. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, occupying Lvov within a week. The Germans claimed that the city's Jewish population had supported the Soviets. Ukrainian mobs went on a rampage against Jews. They stripped and beat Jewish women and men in the streets of Lvov. Ukrainian partisans supported by German authorities killed about 4,000 Jews in Lvov during this pogrom. US forces discovered…

    Pogrom in Lvov
  • A family of Macedonian Jews before deportation

    Photo

    A family of Macedonian Jews in the Tobacco Monopoly transit camp in Skopje before deportation. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The Macedonian Jews were kept there between eleven and eighteen days,…

    A family of Macedonian Jews before deportation
  • Deportation of Jews from Skopje

    Photo

    Deportation of Jews from Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The Macedonian Jews were kept there between eleven and eighteen days, before being deported by train in three transports between March 22 and 29, to Treblinka.

    Deportation of Jews from Skopje
  • Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War

    Article

    Nazi Germany waged a war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. This included brutally treating Soviet POWs and murdering them on a mass scale. Learn more.

    Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War
  • German Invasion of Western Europe, May 1940

    Article

    German troops overran Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France in six weeks starting in May 1940. Anti-Jewish measures soon followed in occupied western Europe.

    Tags: World War II
    German Invasion of Western Europe, May 1940
  • Amsterdam

    Article

    Learn about Amsterdam during World War II and the Holocaust, including deportations of Jews to concentration camps and killing centers.

    Amsterdam
  • Danzig

    Article

    Hitler was determined to overturn the military and territorial provisions of the Versailles treaty, among it was much resented loss of the city of Danzig after WWI.

    Danzig
  • Norway

    Article

    Germany invaded Norway on April 9, 1940. Read more about this invasion, the collaborator Vidkun Quisling, and the tragic fate of Norway’s Jews.

    Norway
  • Sachsenhausen: Key Dates

    Article

    Key dates in the history of the Sachsenhausen camp in the Nazi camp system, from its establishment in 1936 to the postwar trial of camp staff in 1947.

    Sachsenhausen: Key Dates
  • Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #5: The Flick Case

    Article

    The Flick Case was Case #5 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.

    Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #5: The Flick Case
  • Sam Gruber (Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation biography)

    Article

    Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Sam Gruber.

    Sam Gruber (Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation biography)
  • United States Immigration and Refugee Law, 1921–1980

    Article

    US immigration and refugee laws and policies evolved in response to World War I, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and World War II and the Holocaust. Learn more.

    United States Immigration and Refugee Law, 1921–1980
  • 1941: Key Dates

    Article

    Explore a timeline of key events during 1941 in the history of Nazi Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust.

    Tags: key dates
    1941: Key Dates
  • Chuna Grynbaum: Maps

    Media Essay

    Chuna Grynbaum was born to Jewish parents in Starachowice, Poland in 1928. When he was 13 years old, Chuna was sent to forced labor at a munitions factory. In 1943, he attempted to escape with his sister, Faiga. Faiga...

  • Aron and Lisa Derman: Oral History Excerpts

    Media Essay

    In 1942, Aron Derman and Lisa Nussbaum escaped deportation from the Grodno ghetto with the help of Tadek Soroka, a non-Jewish Pole. Aron and Lisa—aged 19 and 15—joined the armed Jewish resistance. As partisans, they f...

  • Einsatzgruppen massacres in eastern Europe (enlargement)

    Map

    Einsatzgruppen were German special duty units, composed primarily of SS and police personnel, assigned to kill Jews as part of the Nazi program to kill the Jews of Europe. During the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the mobile killing squads followed the German army as it advanced deep into Soviet territory, and carried out mass-murder operations. Wherever the Einsatzgruppen went they shot Jewish men, women, and children, without regard for age or gender. Einsatzgruppen killed more than a…

    Einsatzgruppen massacres in eastern Europe (enlargement)
  • Jewish parachutist Hannah Szenes with her brother

    Photo

    Jewish parachutist Hannah Szenes with her brother, before leaving for a rescue mission. Palestine, March 1944. Between 1943 and 1945, a group of Jewish men and women from Palestine who had volunteered to join the British army parachuted into German-occupied Europe. Their mission was to organize resistance to the Germans and aid in the rescue of Allied personnel. Hannah Szenes was among these volunteers.  Szenes was captured in German-occupied Hungary and executed in Budapest on November 7,…

    Jewish parachutist Hannah Szenes with her brother
  • Norman Salsitz's wife and daughter

    Photo

    Norman's daughter, Esther, at three weeks of age, with her mother, Amalie. September 1956. With the end of World War II and collapse of the Nazi regime, survivors of the Holocaust faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives. With little in the way of financial resources and few, if any, surviving family members, most eventually emigrated from Europe to start their lives again. Between 1945 and 1952, more than 80,000 Holocaust survivors immigrated to the United States. Norman was one of them.

    Norman Salsitz's wife and daughter
  • Theresienstadt: Other Prisoners

    Article

    Learn more about the fate of Jewish prisoners that were deported to Theresienstadt from places other than the Greater German Reich or the Protectorate.

    Theresienstadt: Other Prisoners
  • Salonika

    Article

    Salonika, Greece was invaded and occupied by the Nazis in 1941. Learn more about the fate of the Jews in Salonika during World War II.

    Salonika
  • Karl Marx

    Article

    Karl Marx was a political theorist and philosopher. He published “The Communist Manifesto” with Friedrich Engels. His works were burned in Nazi Germany in 1933.

    Karl Marx
  • Meir Porges

    Article

    Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Meir Porges.

    Meir Porges
  • Alexander White

    Article

    Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Alexander White.

    Alexander White

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