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Jewish refugee youths, prevented by the British from landing in Palestine, learn sewing at a detention camp. The machines were provided by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC). Cyprus, 1947.
British soldiers remove Jews, passengers of the Exodus 1947 who were forcibly returned from Palestine, upon their arrival in Hamburg. Germany, September 8, 1947.
A man and his son, displaced persons (DPs) from Romania, wait on a cot in the Rothschild Hospital displaced persons camp in Vienna. Austria, October 15, 1947.
The Jewish refugee ship Pan-York, carrying new citizens to the recently established state of Israel, docks at Haifa. The ship sailed from southern Europe to Israel, via Cyprus. Haifa, Israel, July 9, 1948.
The last group of European Jewish refugees leaves a British detention camp for Israel. Cyprus, February 10, 1949.
The last group of European Jewish refugees leaves a British detention camp for Israel. Cyprus, February 10, 1949.
The Norwegian town of Elverum, near the Swedish border, burns after a German bombing mission during the invasion of Norway. Elverum, Norway, May 3, 1940.
This building in the town of Elverum, near Oslo, was damaged during a bombing raid following the German invasion of Norway. Elverum, Norway, May 3, 1940.
German troops walk past a burning hotel during the invasion of Norway. Norway, April-June 1940.
Antisemitic graffiti on a shop window: "The Jewish parasite sold Norway on the 9th of April." April 9 was the day of the German invasion in 1940. Norway, ca. 1940.
Antisemitic graffiti on the window of a Jewish-owned store. Norway, wartime.
The Donau, one of the largest ships used to deport Jews from Norway to Germany. From Germany, hundreds of Norwegian Jews were deported to Auschwitz. Norway, 1943.
The Gotenland, one of the ships used during the deportation of Jews from Norway to Germany. Norway, 1943.
The Monte Rosa (right), one of the ships used to deport Jews from Norway to Germany. Norway, 1943.
Vidkun Quisling, pro-German Norwegian Fascist leader. Pictured here addressing supporters of his Norwegian Nazi party at a rally. Oslo, Norway, August 1941.
Vidkun Quisling, leader of the collaborationist Norwegian government, returns a salute during a ceremony in Oslo. Norway, after April 1940.
Halina Bryks was photographed in the Kloster Indersdorf children's center in an attempt to help locate surviving relatives. Photographs such as this one showing children holding name cards were published in newspapers to facilitate the reunification of families. Germany, after May 1945.
An art class for children in the Fiesole displaced persons camp, outside Florence. Italy, 1946.
Children learn a religious text from an Orthodox Jewish teacher. Landsberg displaced persons camp, Germany, 1946-1947.
A Hanukkah party for Jewish children at the Fuerth displaced persons camp. Gifts were contributed by families of Americans stationed at the Nuremberg military post. Germany, December 9, 1947.
Front page of a newspaper from Landsberg displaced persons camp. Germany, November 15, 1945.
Jewish refugees work on a newspaper at Zeilsheim displaced persons camp. Germany, between 1945 and 1948. The newspaper was titled Unterwegs (The Transient).
Jewish refugees in front of the "Kibbutz Buchenwald" building, where Jews received agricultural training in preparation for life in Palestine. Buchenwald displaced persons camp, Germany, ca. August 1946.
Jewish refugees protest British immigration policy in Palestine. Zeilsheim displaced persons camp, Germany, between 1945 and 1948.
At the Neu Freimann displaced persons camp, a boy displays the tattooed number on his arm to a photographer. Other children look on. Neu Freimann, Munich, Germany, between 1945 and 1949.
After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, he persuaded his cabinet to declare a state of emergency and end many individual freedoms. Here, police search a vehicle for arms. Berlin, Germany, February 27, 1933.
Police search a messenger at the entrance to the building where Vorwaerts, a Social-Democratic Party newspaper, was published. The building was subsequently occupied during the suppression of the political left wing in Germany that was carried out in response to the Reichstag Fire. Berlin, Germany, March 3–4, 1933.
A notice reads "Business closed by the police due to profiteering. Owner in protective custody at Dachau." Signed by police chief Heinrich Himmler. Munich, Germany, April or May 1933.
Police search in Berlin. Members of the SA stand nearby. Berlin, Germany, 1933.
Prisoners at forced labor under SS and police guard in the Oranienburg concentration camp. Oranienburg was one of the first first concentration camps established in Germany. Oranienburg, Germany, 1934.
Parade of German police before Adolf Hitler in front of Hotel Deutsches Haus, at a Nazi Party Congress rally. Nuremberg, Germany, September 10, 1937.
SS and Nazi police prepare for a raid on the Jewish community offices in Vienna. Austria, March 18, 1938.
1943 photograph of SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who served as head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) and as chief of Nazi Security Police (Sipo) and the Security Service (SD).
Members of the Hlinka Guard and a squad of ethnic Germans march during a parade in Slovakia, a Nazi satellite state. Date uncertain.
Horia Sima, leader of the Iron Guard and deputy prime minister of the Romanian government in 1940. Bucharest, Romania, 1940. In this image, Horia Sima salutes his supporters during a ceremony commemorating the deaths of Ion Mota and Vasile Marin, Iron Guardsmen who were killed in the Spanish Civil War.
Police force Romanian Jews, survivors of a pogrom in Iasi, to board a train during their expulsion from Iasi to Calarasi. Iasi, Romania, late June 1941.
Romanian soldiers supervise the deportation of Jews from Kishinev. Kishinev, Bessarabia, Romania, October 28, 1941.
Ustaša (Croatian fascist) soldiers oversee the deportation of a group of civilians from Kozara region to a concentration camp, in the pro-German fascist state of Croatia established following the partition of Yugoslavia. Croatia, between 1941 and 1944.
Children sit and sleep on the floor at Sisak, a Ustasa (Croatian fascist) concentration camp for children. Yugoslavia, during World War II.
Victims of Ustasa (Croatian fascist) atrocities: the bodies of Jasenovac prisoners floating in the Sava River. Between August 1941 and April 1945.
This photograph shows the aftermath of a shooting along the banks of the Danube River in Budapest. Members of the pro-German Arrow Cross party massacred thousands of Jews along the banks of the Danube. Budapest, Hungary, 1944.
Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia interned in the "Monopol" tobacco factory, which was used as a transit camp. They were ultimately deported to the Treblinka killing center. Skopje, Macedonia, March 1943.
Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia and Thrace interned in the "Monopol" tobacco factory, which was was used as a transit camp. They were ultimately deported to the Treblinka killing center. Skopje, Macedonia, March 11-31, 1943.
After the war, thousands of Jewish children ended up in orphanages all over Europe as a result of the Holocaust. The toddlers in this children's home in Etterbeek, Belgium, survived in hiding, but their parents had been deported to Auschwitz.
Parting from one's child was a difficult experience for parents who placed their offspring with foster families. Eda Künstler entrusted this photograph of herself to her daughter's rescuer, Zofji Sendler. On the back it is inscribed, "Anita's real mother."
A young girl in a home for Jewish infants waiting for their families to claim them or be adopted. Etterbeek, Belgium, after 1945.
Denunciations of Jews to German authorities came from a variety of different sources, sometimes even from their "protectors." In 1944, Eva and Liane Münzer (pictured here) were reported to the police as a result of a domestic fight between their rescuers. The irate husband denounced his wife and the two Jewish girls. The Münzer sisters were sent to Auschwitz and killed.
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