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  • Insignia of the 26th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 26th Infantry Division. The 26th Infantry Division, the "Yankee" division, was so nicknamed to recognize the six New England states from whose National Guard units the division was raised during World War I.

    Insignia of the 26th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 10th Armored Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 10th Armored Division. The "Tiger Division" nickname of the 10th originates from a division-wide contest held while it was training in the United States, symbolizing the division "clawing and mauling" its way through the enemy.

    Insignia of the 10th Armored Division
  • View of the Wöbbelin concentration camp

    Photo

    On May 2, 1945, the 8th Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division encountered the Wöbbelin concentration camp. Here, American soldiers patrol the perimeter of the camp. Germany, May 4-May 10, 1945.

    View of the Wöbbelin concentration camp
  • Insignia of the 104th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 104th Infantry Division. The nickname of the 104th Infantry Division, "Timberwolf," originated from the division's insignia, a gray timberwolf. The timberwolf, native to the Pacific Northwest, was chosen as representative of the area where the division was formed in 1942.

    Insignia of the 104th Infantry Division
  • Aftermath of the Gardelegen atrocity

    Photo

    An American tank follows German civilians from Gardelegen who are marching to a barn just outside the town, where they will dig graves for over 1,000 prisoners killed by the SS inside the barn. April 18, 1945.

    Aftermath of the Gardelegen atrocity
  • Insignia of the 3rd Armored Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 3rd Armored Division. "Spearhead" was adopted as the nickname of the 3rd Armored Division in recognition of the division's role as the "spearhead" of many attacks during the liberation of France in 1944.

    Insignia of the 3rd Armored Division
  • Insignia of the 69th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 69th Infantry Division. The 69th Infantry Division gained the nickname the "Fighting 69th" during World War II. The name has no heraldic significance, but simply conveys the esprit de corps of the division.

    Insignia of the 69th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 71st Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 71st Infantry Division. The nickname of the 71st Infantry Division, the "Red Circle" division, is based upon the divisional insignia (which includes a red circle).

    Insignia of the 71st Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 12th Armored Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 12th Armored Division. "Hellcats, " the winning entry in a division contest for a nickname held in early in 1943, symbolized the 12th's toughness and readiness for combat.

    Insignia of the 12th Armored Division
  • Maria Nemeth

    ID Card

    Maria's parents lived in Szentes, a town in southeastern Hungary, located 30 miles from the city of Szeged. Her mother, Barbara, was born in the neighboring town of Hodmezovasarhely, but moved to Szentes when she married. Maria's father was a dentist. 1933-39: Maria was born in 1932. In 1937 her mother took in a young Austrian woman who lived with the family and helped Maria learn German. 1940-44: In March 1944 German troops occupied Hungary. Members of the Hungarian fascist party, Arrow Cross,…

    Maria Nemeth
  • "What shall be done with the war criminals?"

    Artifact

    Cover of booklet titled "What Shall Be Done with the War Criminals?" Published by the United States Armed Forces Institute, this was one of a series of 42 pamphlets created by the U.S. War Department under the series title "G.I. Roundtable." From 1943-1945, these pamphlets were created to "increase the effectiveness of the soldiers and officers and fighters during the war and as citizens after the war." Many of the pamphlets addressed the possibilities of a postwar world.

    "What shall be done with the war criminals?"
  • General Dwight D. Eisenhower views the Ohrdruf camp

    Photo

    General Dwight D. Eisenhower (center), Supreme Allied Commander, views the corpses of inmates who died at the Ohrdruf camp. Ohrdruf, Germany, April 12, 1945.

    General Dwight D. Eisenhower views the Ohrdruf camp
  • Insignia of the 1st Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 1st Infantry Division. The 1st Infantry Division's nickname, the "Big Red One," originated from the division's insignia, a large red number "1" on a khaki field. This nickname was adopted during World War I, when the 1st was the first American division to arrive in France.

    Insignia of the 1st Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 14th Armored Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 14th Armored Division. Although lacking a nickname during the war, the 14th became known as the "Liberators" soon afterward to signify its accomplishments in liberating hundreds of thousands of forced and slave laborers, concentration camp prisoners, and Allied prisoners of war in 1945.

    Insignia of the 14th Armored Division
  • Insignia of the 84th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 84th Infantry Division. The 84th Infantry Division derives its nickname, "Railsplitter" division, from the divisional insignia, an ax splitting a rail. This design was created during World War I, when the division was known as the "Lincoln" division to represent the states that supplied soldiers for the division: Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. All figured prominently in the life of President Abraham Lincoln, of log-splitting legend.

    Insignia of the 84th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 90th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 90th Infantry Division. Called the "Tough Ombres," the 90th Infantry Division was raised from draftees from the states of Texas and Oklahoma during World War I. The divisional insignia incorporates the letters "T" and "O" to symbolize both states. These letters later yielded the nickname "Tough Ombres," symbolizing the esprit de corps of the unit. The 90th was also sometimes called the "Alamo" division during World War II.

    Insignia of the 90th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 83rd Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 83rd Infantry Division. The 83rd Infantry Division received its nickname, the "Thunderbolt" division, after a division-wide contest for a new nickname held in early 1945. The earlier nickname, "Ohio," was based on the division's insignia (which includes the name "Ohio," where the division was raised during World War I). A new nickname was desired to represent the nationwide origins of the division's personnel during World War II.

    Insignia of the 83rd Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 95th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 95th Infantry Division. The 95th Infantry Division, the "Victory" division, gained its nickname from the divisional insignia approved in 1942: the arabic numeral "9" combined with the roman numeral "V" to represent "95." The "V" led to the nickname, since the letter "V" was universally recognized as an Allied symbol for resistance and victory over the Axis during World War II.

    Insignia of the 95th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 8th Armored Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 8th Armored Division. The nickname of the 8th Armored Division, the "Thundering Herd," was coined before the division went to Europe in late 1944. It was also known as the "Iron Snake" late in the war, after a correspondent for Newsweek likened the 8th to a "great ironclad snake" as it crossed the Rhine River in late March 1945.

    Insignia of the 8th Armored Division
  • Insignia of the 8th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 8th Infantry Division. The 8th Infantry Division was known as both the "Golden Arrow" and "Pathfinder" division during World War II. Both nicknames originated from the division's insignia, which includes a gold arrow to represent the nineteenth century explorer of California, John Fremont. The division was formed in California in 1918.

    Insignia of the 8th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 101st Airborne Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 101st Airborne Division. The nickname of the 101st Airborne Division, "Screaming Eagles," originates from the division's insignia, a bald eagle on a black shield. "Old Abe" was the eagle mascot of a Wisconsin regiment during the Civil War. The 101st was formed as a reserve unit in Wisconsin shortly after World War I and included "Old Abe" as part of the division's insignia.

    Insignia of the 101st Airborne Division
  • Insignia of the 103rd Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 103rd Infantry Division. The 103rd Infantry Division, the "Cactus" division, is so called after the 103rd's shoulder patch, a cactus in a gold circle. The cactus is representative of the states whose troops formed the unit in the early 1920s: Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico.

    Insignia of the 103rd Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 63rd Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 63rd Infantry Division. The 63rd Infantry Division was nicknamed the "Blood and Fire" division soon after its formation in the spring of 1943. The nickname commemorates British prime minister Winston Churchill's statement at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943 that "the enemy would bleed and burn in expiation of their crimes against humanity." The divisional insignia illustrates the nickname.

    Insignia of the 63rd Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 42nd Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 42nd Infantry Division. The nickname of the 42nd Infantry Division, the "Rainbow" division, reflects the composition of the division during World War I. The division was drawn from the National Guards of 26 states and the District of Columbia. It represented a cross section of the American people, as the rainbow represents a cross section of colors.

    Insignia of the 42nd Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 36th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 36th Infantry Division. The 36th Infantry Division, the "Texas" division, was raised from National Guard units from Texas and Oklahoma during World War I. The "T" in the division's insignia represents Texas, the arrowhead Oklahoma. The division was also sometimes called the "Lone Star" division, again symbolizing its Texas roots.

    Insignia of the 36th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 29th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 29th Infantry Division. "Blue and Gray" was coined as the nickname of the 29th Infantry Division by the division's commander during World War I. The name commemorates the lineage of the mid-Atlantic states' National Guard units that formed the division, many with service on both sides during the Civil War.

    Insignia of the 29th Infantry Division
  • Death march victims

    Photo

    An American soldier looks at the corpses of Polish, Russian, and Hungarian Jews found in the woods near Neunburg vorm Wald. The victims were prisoners from Flossenbürg who were shot near Neunburg while on a death march. Germany, April 29, 1945.

    Death march victims
  • Abe Asner

    Article

    Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Abe Asner.

    Abe Asner
  • Insignia of the 89th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 89th Infantry Division. The 89th Infantry Division's nickname, the "Rolling W," is based on the division's insignia. Created during World War I, this insignia utilized a letter "M" inside a wheel. When the wheel turns, the "M" becomes a "W." The letters "MW" signify the mid-west origin of the troops who formed the 89th during World War I. The division was also known as the "Middle West" division, another variation on its origin.

    Insignia of the 89th Infantry Division
  • Insignia of the 99th Infantry Division

    Photo

    Insignia of the 99th Infantry Division. The 99th Infantry Division, the "Checkerboard" division, gained its nickname from the division's insignia. The insignia was devised upon the 99th's formation in 1942, when the division was headquartered in the city of Pittsburgh. The blue and white checkerboard in the division's insignia is taken from the coat of arms of William Pitt, for whom Pittsburgh is named. The division was also known as the "Battle Babies" during 1945, a sobriquet coined by a United Press…

    Insignia of the 99th Infantry Division
  • Hermann Göring: Key Dates

    Article

    Hermann Göring held many positions of power and leadership within the Nazi state. Learn about key dates in the life of Hermann Göring.

    Hermann Göring: Key Dates
  • The Weimar Republic

    Article

    The Weimar Republic was a liberal democratic republic founded in Germany in the aftermath of WWI. Learn about the era’s political and economic crises and social trends.

    The Weimar Republic
  • Halle

    Article

    Halle an der Saale was a satellite camp of Buchenwald concentration camp. It was established by the Nazis in Saxony, Germany in 1941.

  • Funeral for victims of Wöbbelin

    Photo

    After the liberation of the Wöbbelin camp, US troops forced the townspeople of Ludwigslust to bury the bodies of prisoners killed in the camp. This photo shows US troops assembled at the mass funeral in Ludwigslust. Germany, May 7, 1945.

    Funeral for victims of Wöbbelin
  • J Malan Heslop

    Photo

    Portrait of US Army Signal Corps photographer J Malan Heslop.

    J Malan Heslop
  • Providing aid to refugees

    Photo

    US Army and Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) representatives distribute milk to refugees. Vienna, Austria, October 26, 1945.

    Providing aid to refugees
  • Eisenhower tours the Ohrdruf camp

    Photo

    During an official tour of the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp, an Austrian Jewish survivor describes to General Dwight Eisenhower and the members of his entourage the use of the gallows in the camp. Among those pictured is Jules Grad, correspondent for the US Army newspaper Stars and Stripes (on the right). Ohrdruf, Germany, April 12, 1945.

    Eisenhower tours the Ohrdruf camp
  • Liberated prisoners at the Ebensee camp

    Photo

    Liberated prisoners at the Ebensee camp. Too weak to eat solid food, they drink a thin soup prepared for them by the US Army. Photograph taken by US Army Signal Corps photographer J Malan Heslop. Austria, May 8, 1945.

    Liberated prisoners at the Ebensee camp
  • Nazi atrocities discovered upon the liberation of Buchenwald

    Film

    US forces liberated the Buchenwald concentration camp on April 11, 1945. This footage records examples of Nazi atrocities (shrunken head, pieces of tattooed human skin, preserved skull and organs) discovered by the liberating troops.

    Nazi atrocities discovered upon the liberation of Buchenwald
  • Chaplains inspect the liberated Buchenwald camp

    Photo

    During an inspection by US Army chaplains of the newly liberated Buchenwald concentration camp, G. Bromley Oxnam (right) views a demonstration of how prisoners were tortured in Buchenwald. Oxnam was the Methodist bishop of New York and President of the Federated Council of Churches of Christ in America. Buchenwald, Germany, April 27, 1945.

    Chaplains inspect the liberated Buchenwald camp
  • Liberated Soviet and Polish prisoners at Mauthausen

    Photo

    Soviet and Polish prisoners with disabilities stand in front of a tank of the 11th Armored Division, US Third Army. This photograph was taken at the Mauthausen concentration camp immediately after liberation. Austria, May 5–7, 1945.

    Liberated Soviet and Polish prisoners at Mauthausen
  • Ban on Jehovah's Witness Organizations

    Timeline Event

    April 1, 1935. On this date, the German government banned all Jehovah's Witness organizations.

    Ban on Jehovah's Witness Organizations
  • Survivors in Langenstein

    Photo

    Survivors in Langenstein after the camp was liberated by the 83rd Infantry Division. Langenstein, Germany, April 17, 1945.

    Survivors in Langenstein
  • Mauthausen camp after liberation

    Photo

    Mauthausen concentration camp inmates with American troops after the liberation of the camp.

    Mauthausen camp after liberation
  • Greece

    Article

    Learn more about Greece during World War II.

    Greece
  • A witness at the Mauthausen trial

    Photo

    A witness testifies during the Mauthausen concentration camp trial. The man standing in the background is defendant Willy Eckert, a member of the SS. The trial took place before an American Military Tribunal in Dachau, Germany. March-May 1936. 

    A witness at the Mauthausen trial
  • Providing medical care to a survivor in Penig

    Photo

    Lt. Col. J.W. Branch, Chief Surgeon of the 6th Armored Division, provides medical care to a Hungarian survivor in Penig, a subcamp of Buchenwald. Penig, Germany, April 26, 1945.

    Providing medical care to a survivor in Penig
  • Site of the Gardelegen atrocity

    Photo

    American troops inspect the site of the Gardelegen atrocity. In the background, German civilians exhume corpses who were buried in a mass grave by the SS. Germany, April 18, 1945.

    Site of the Gardelegen atrocity
  • An American soldier stands guard in front of the Hadamar Institute

    Photo

    An American soldier stands guard in front of the Hadamar Institute. The photograph was taken by an American military photographer soon after the liberation. Germany, April 5, 1945.

    An American soldier stands guard in front of the Hadamar Institute
  • Liberator Vernon Tott

    Photo

    Liberator Vernon Tott (second from left) of the 84th Infantry was honored by some of the survivors he helped free from the Ahlem labor camp near Hanover, Germany. Tott's name was engraved on the Museum's Donor's Lounge wall with the inscription: "In honor of Vernon W. Tott, my liberator & hero." The ceremony in which Tott's name was unveiled came as a complete surprise to him. Washington, DC, November 2003.

    Liberator Vernon Tott

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